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Lanthanum vs Niobium

Lanthanum
Niobium
Niobium vs Lanthanum


Periodic Table
Symbol
La  
Nb  
Group Number
3  
15
5  
13
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7439910  
99+
7440031  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Lanthanum metal is highly malleable, ductile and sectile.
  • If exposed to air Lanthanum metal oxidizes rapidly.
  
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Gustaf Mosander  
Charles Hatchett  
Discovery
In 1838  
In 1801  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
25
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
32
0.00 %  
35
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
19
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
29
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has no commercial uses, but its alloys are in high demand. Lanthanum and Nickel alloy is used for the hydrogen gas storage.
  • The best-known use for mischmetal alloy of Lanthanum is; as a ‘flints’ for cigarette lighters.
  
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
32
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
25
In Bone
0.08 p.p.m.  
29
0.07 p.p.m.  
30
Physical
Melting Point
920.00 °C  
99+
2,468.00 °C  
6
Boiling Point
3,469.00 °C  
19
2,468.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Gray  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
350.00 MPa  
36
735.00 MPa  
15
Vickers Hardness
360.00 MPa  
99+
870.00 MPa  
19
Speed of Sound
2,475.00 m/s  
99+
3,480.00 m/s  
31
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.80  
22
2.30  
8
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
70.00 %  
13
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
La  
Nb  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
31  
8
17  
22
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.10  
99+
1.60  
24
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.10  
38
1.42  
20
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.08  
32
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.10  
99+
1.60  
22
Allen Electronegativity
1.10  
99+
1.41  
35
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.90  
10
2.40  
31
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
538.10 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,067.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,850.30 kJ/mol  
99+
2,416.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,819.00 kJ/mol  
32
3,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,940.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,877.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9,847.00 kJ/mol  
17
7th Energy level
5,380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12,100.00 kJ/mol  
14
8th Energy Level
5,380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
691.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
53,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
65,200.00 kJ/mol  
35
16th Energy Level
53,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
538.10 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
37
19th Energy Level
538.10 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
538.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.00 kJ/mol  
38
21st Energy Level
538.10 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
538.00 kJ/mol  
99+
694.00 kJ/mol  
30
23rd Energy Level
5,380.00 kJ/mol  
25
4,490.00 kJ/mol  
30
24th Energy Level
538.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
33
25th Energy Level
538.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
26th Energy Level
538.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
34
27th Energy Level
538.10 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
28th Energy Level
538.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
40
29th Energy Level
538.10 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
538.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.00 kJ/mol  
37
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.73 g/amp-hr  
99+
0.69 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
3.50 eV  
99+
4.30 eV  
25
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
57  
99+
41  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 5d2 6s2  
[Kr] 4d4 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Lanthanum.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
57  
99+
41  
99+
Number of Neutrons
82  
99+
52  
99+
Number of Electrons
57  
99+
41  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
187.00 pm  
10
146.00 pm  
37
Covalent Radius
207.00 pm  
6
164.00 pm  
30
Van der Waals Radius
240.00 pm  
17
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
138.91 amu  
99+
92.91 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
20.73 cm3/mol  
26
10.87 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Barium
  
Zirconium
  
Next Element
Cerium
  
Molybdenum
  
Valence Electron Potential
40.71 (-eV)  
99+
104.00 (-eV)  
8
Lattice Constant
377.20 pm  
31
330.04 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.62  
16
1.47  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.16 g/cm3  
99+
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.94 g/cm3  
99+
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
45.00 MPa  
40
330.00 MPa  
14
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
16
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.98 (Pa)  
15
0.00 (Pa)  
36
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
14.30 GPa  
99+
38.00 GPa  
20
Bulk Modulus
27.90 GPa  
99+
170.00 GPa  
10
Young's Modulus
36.60 GPa  
99+
105.00 GPa  
22
Poisson Ratio
0.28  
17
0.40  
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.17  
99+
8.57  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
15
0.00 H/m  
4
Susceptibility
0.00  
25
0.00  
30
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
615.00 nΩ·m  
7
152.00 nΩ·m  
23
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω  
33
Electron Affinity
48.00 kJ/mol  
28
86.10 kJ/mol  
14
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)  
33
0.26 J/(kg K)  
20
Molar Heat Capacity
27.11 J/mol·K  
27
24.60 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
13.40 W/m·K  
99+
53.70 W/m·K  
29
Critical Temperature
1,193.00 K  
99+
2,750.00 K  
7
Thermal Expansion
12.10 µm/(m·K)  
99+
7.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
399.60 kJ/mol  
24
696.60 kJ/mol  
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.20 kJ/mol  
99+
27.20 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Atomization
431.00 kJ/mol  
21
745.00 kJ/mol  
4
Standard Molar Entropy
56.90 J/mol.K  
31
36.40 J/mol.K  
99+
Periodic Table >>
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Lanthanide Series

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