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Lead vs Scandium

Lead
Scandium
Scandium vs Lead


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pb   
Sc   
Group Number
14   
4
3   
15
Period Number
6   
4   
Block
p block   
d block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7439921   
99+
7440202   
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Unknown   
Lars Fredrik Nilson   
Discovery
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)   
In 1879   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %   
16
3 * 10-6 %   
15
Abundance In Sun
~0.000001 %   
18
~0.000004 %   
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
23
0.00 %   
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
26
0.00 %   
23
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
22
0.00 %   
32
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
8
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3   
11
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
22
In Bone
30.00 p.p.m.   
10
0.00 p.p.m.   
34
Physical Properties
Melting Point
327.50 °C   
99+
1,539.00 °C   
24
Boiling Point
1,740.00 °C   
99+
2,832.00 °C   
35
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gray   
Silvery White   
Luster
Metallic   
Lustrous   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50   
18
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
38.00 MPa   
99+
750.00 MPa   
12
Speed of Sound
1,190.00 m/s   
99+
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pb   
Sc   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35   
4
13   
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.87   
13
1.36   
29
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.29   
4
1.02   
21
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.55   
11
1.20   
27
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.41   
2
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.85   
8
1.19   
36
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.67   
99+
2.64   
25
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol   
31
633.10 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,450.50 kJ/mol   
99+
1,235.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,081.50 kJ/mol   
23
2,388.60 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
4,083.00 kJ/mol   
35
7,090.60 kJ/mol   
6
5th Energy Level
6,640.00 kJ/mol   
20
8,843.00 kJ/mol   
6
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
10,679.00 kJ/mol   
7
7th Energy level
Not Available   
13,310.00 kJ/mol   
8
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
15,250.00 kJ/mol   
11
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
17,370.00 kJ/mol   
14
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
21,726.00 kJ/mol   
13
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
24,102.00 kJ/mol   
16
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
66,320.00 kJ/mol   
2
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
73,010.00 kJ/mol   
2
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
80,160.00 kJ/mol   
3
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
89,490.00 kJ/mol   
4
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
97,400.00 kJ/mol   
5
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
105,600.00 kJ/mol   
6
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
117,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
124,270.00 kJ/mol   
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.87 g/amp-hr   
9
0.56 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.25 eV   
21
3.50 eV   
31
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
82   
34
21   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2   
[Ar] 3d1 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
82   
34
21   
99+
Number of Neutrons
125   
19
24   
99+
Number of Electrons
82   
34
21   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
175.00 pm   
19
162.00 pm   
26
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm   
38
170.00 pm   
25
Van der Waals Radius
202.00 pm   
27
211.00 pm   
25
Atomic Weight
207.20 amu   
30
44.96 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
18.17 cm3/mol   
27
15.00 cm3/mol   
34
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Thallium
  
Calcium
  
Next Element
Bismuth
  
Titanium
  
Valence Electron Potential
24.20 (-eV)   
99+
58.00 (-eV)   
24
Lattice Constant
495.08 pm   
16
330.90 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.59   
7
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.34 g/cm3   
33
2.99 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.66 g/cm3   
15
2.80 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
12.00 MPa   
20
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.64 (Pa)   
7
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
91.30 (Pa)   
3
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa   
99+
29.10 GPa   
24
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa   
24
56.60 GPa   
21
Young's Modulus
16.00 GPa   
99+
74.40 GPa   
26
Poisson Ratio
0.44   
3
0.28   
18
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.35   
25
2.99   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
208.00 nΩ·m   
16
562.00 nΩ·m   
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω   
36
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
35.10 kJ/mol   
28
18.10 kJ/mol   
33
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.60 J/(kg K)   
8
Molar Heat Capacity
26.65 J/mol·K   
26
25.52 J/mol·K   
37
Thermal Conductivity
35.30 W/m·K   
38
15.80 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
28.90 µm/(m·K)   
13
10.20 µm/(m·K)   
39
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
179.40 kJ/mol   
99+
314.20 kJ/mol   
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.77 kJ/mol   
99+
14.10 kJ/mol   
25
Enthalpy of Atomization
194.60 kJ/mol   
99+
343.00 kJ/mol   
28
Standard Molar Entropy
64.80 J/mol.K   
17
34.60 J/mol.K   
99+
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