Lead Scandium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Pb
Sc
Group Number
14
4
3
15
Period Number
6
4
Block
p block
d block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7439921
99+
7440202
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
225.00
2
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
- The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
- Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
- Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Unknown
Lars Fredrik Nilson
Discovery
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)
In 1879
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %
16
3 * 10-6 %
15
Abundance In Sun
~0.000001 %
18
~0.000004 %
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
23
0.00 %
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
26
0.00 %
23
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
22
0.00 %
32
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
8
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
- Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
- Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3
11
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
22
In Bone
30.00 p.p.m.
10
0.00 p.p.m.
34
Physical Properties
Melting Point
327.50 °C
99+
1,539.00 °C
24
Boiling Point
1,740.00 °C
99+
2,832.00 °C
35
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Lustrous
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.50
18
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
38.00 MPa
99+
750.00 MPa
12
Speed of Sound
1,190.00 m/s
99+
Not Available
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pb
Sc
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
35
4
13
26
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.87
13
1.36
29
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.29
4
1.02
21
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.55
11
1.20
27
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.41
2
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.85
8
1.19
36
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.67
99+
2.64
25
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol
31
633.10 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,450.50 kJ/mol
99+
1,235.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,081.50 kJ/mol
23
2,388.60 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
4,083.00 kJ/mol
35
7,090.60 kJ/mol
6
5th Energy Level
6,640.00 kJ/mol
20
8,843.00 kJ/mol
6
6th Energy Level
Not Available
10,679.00 kJ/mol
7
7th Energy level
Not Available
13,310.00 kJ/mol
8
8th Energy Level
Not Available
15,250.00 kJ/mol
11
9th Energy Level
Not Available
17,370.00 kJ/mol
14
10th Energy Level
Not Available
21,726.00 kJ/mol
13
11th Energy Level
Not Available
24,102.00 kJ/mol
16
12th Energy Level
Not Available
66,320.00 kJ/mol
2
13th Energy Level
Not Available
73,010.00 kJ/mol
2
14th Energy Level
Not Available
80,160.00 kJ/mol
3
15th Energy Level
Not Available
89,490.00 kJ/mol
4
16th Energy Level
Not Available
97,400.00 kJ/mol
5
17th Energy Level
Not Available
105,600.00 kJ/mol
6
18th Energy Level
Not Available
117,000.00 kJ/mol
7
19th Energy Level
Not Available
124,270.00 kJ/mol
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.87 g/amp-hr
9
0.56 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.25 eV
21
3.50 eV
31
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
82
34
21
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
[Ar] 3d1 4s2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
82
34
21
99+
Number of Neutrons
125
19
24
99+
Number of Electrons
82
34
21
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
175.00 pm
19
162.00 pm
26
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm
38
170.00 pm
25
Van der Waals Radius
202.00 pm
27
211.00 pm
25
Atomic Weight
207.20 amu
30
44.96 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
18.17 cm3/mol
27
15.00 cm3/mol
34
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
24.20 (-eV)
99+
58.00 (-eV)
24
Lattice Constant
495.08 pm
16
330.90 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.59
7
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
11.34 g/cm3
33
2.99 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.66 g/cm3
15
2.80 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
12.00 MPa
20
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.64 (Pa)
7
0.00 (Pa)
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
91.30 (Pa)
3
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa
99+
29.10 GPa
24
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa
24
56.60 GPa
21
Young's Modulus
16.00 GPa
99+
74.40 GPa
26
Poisson Ratio
0.44
3
0.28
18
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
11.35
25
2.99
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
208.00 nΩ·m
16
562.00 nΩ·m
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω
36
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
35.10 kJ/mol
28
18.10 kJ/mol
33
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
0.60 J/(kg K)
8
Molar Heat Capacity
26.65 J/mol·K
26
25.52 J/mol·K
37
Thermal Conductivity
35.30 W/m·K
38
15.80 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
28.90 µm/(m·K)
13
10.20 µm/(m·K)
39
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
179.40 kJ/mol
99+
314.20 kJ/mol
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.77 kJ/mol
99+
14.10 kJ/mol
25
Enthalpy of Atomization
194.60 kJ/mol
99+
343.00 kJ/mol
28
Standard Molar Entropy
64.80 J/mol.K
17
34.60 J/mol.K
99+
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