Scandium Lead Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Sc
Pb
Group Number
3
15
14
4
Period Number
4
6
Block
d block
p block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Post-Transition
CAS Number
7440202
99+
7439921
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
- Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
- Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
- The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Lars Fredrik Nilson
Unknown
Discovery
In 1879
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-6 %
15
1 * 10-6 %
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %
16
~0.000001 %
18
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
18
0.00 %
23
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
23
0.00 %
26
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
32
0.00 %
22
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
8
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
- Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
- It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
22
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3
11
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
34
30.00 p.p.m.
10
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,539.00 °C
24
327.50 °C
99+
Boiling Point
2,832.00 °C
35
1,740.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Gray
Luster
Lustrous
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
1.50
18
Brinell Hardness
750.00 MPa
12
38.00 MPa
99+
Speed of Sound
Not Available
1,190.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Sc
Pb
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
13
26
35
4
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.36
29
1.87
13
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.02
21
2.29
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20
27
1.55
11
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
2.41
2
Allen Electronegativity
1.19
36
1.85
8
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.64
25
1.67
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol
99+
715.60 kJ/mol
31
2nd Energy Level
1,235.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,450.50 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,388.60 kJ/mol
99+
3,081.50 kJ/mol
23
4th Energy Level
7,090.60 kJ/mol
6
4,083.00 kJ/mol
35
5th Energy Level
8,843.00 kJ/mol
6
6,640.00 kJ/mol
20
6th Energy Level
10,679.00 kJ/mol
7
Not Available
7th Energy level
13,310.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
8th Energy Level
15,250.00 kJ/mol
11
Not Available
9th Energy Level
17,370.00 kJ/mol
14
Not Available
10th Energy Level
21,726.00 kJ/mol
13
Not Available
11th Energy Level
24,102.00 kJ/mol
16
Not Available
12th Energy Level
66,320.00 kJ/mol
2
Not Available
13th Energy Level
73,010.00 kJ/mol
2
Not Available
14th Energy Level
80,160.00 kJ/mol
3
Not Available
15th Energy Level
89,490.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
16th Energy Level
97,400.00 kJ/mol
5
Not Available
17th Energy Level
105,600.00 kJ/mol
6
Not Available
18th Energy Level
117,000.00 kJ/mol
7
Not Available
19th Energy Level
124,270.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.56 g/amp-hr
99+
3.87 g/amp-hr
9
Electron Work Function
3.50 eV
31
4.25 eV
21
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
21
99+
82
34
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d1 4s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
21
99+
82
34
Number of Neutrons
24
99+
125
19
Number of Electrons
21
99+
82
34
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
162.00 pm
26
175.00 pm
19
Covalent Radius
170.00 pm
25
146.00 pm
38
Van der Waals Radius
211.00 pm
25
202.00 pm
27
Atomic Weight
44.96 amu
99+
207.20 amu
30
Atomic Volume
15.00 cm3/mol
34
18.17 cm3/mol
27
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
58.00 (-eV)
24
24.20 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
330.90 pm
99+
495.08 pm
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59
7
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
2.99 g/cm3
99+
11.34 g/cm3
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.80 g/cm3
99+
10.66 g/cm3
15
Tensile Strength
Not Available
12.00 MPa
20
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
22
1.64 (Pa)
7
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
91.30 (Pa)
3
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
29.10 GPa
24
5.60 GPa
99+
Bulk Modulus
56.60 GPa
21
46.00 GPa
24
Young's Modulus
74.40 GPa
26
16.00 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.28
18
0.44
3
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
2.99
99+
11.35
25
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Poor Conductor
Resistivity
562.00 nΩ·m
10
208.00 nΩ·m
16
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.05 106/cm Ω
36
Electron Affinity
18.10 kJ/mol
33
35.10 kJ/mol
28
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.60 J/(kg K)
8
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K
37
26.65 J/mol·K
26
Thermal Conductivity
15.80 W/m·K
99+
35.30 W/m·K
38
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
10.20 µm/(m·K)
39
28.90 µm/(m·K)
13
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
314.20 kJ/mol
28
179.40 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.10 kJ/mol
25
4.77 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
343.00 kJ/mol
28
194.60 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
34.60 J/mol.K
99+
64.80 J/mol.K
17
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