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Scandium vs Lead

Scandium
Lead
Lead vs Scandium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Sc  
Pb  
Group Number
3  
15
14  
4
Period Number
4  
6  
Block
d block  
p block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440202  
99+
7439921  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lars Fredrik Nilson  
-  
Discovery
In 1879  
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
17
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
18
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
18
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
32
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
9
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
22
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3  
11
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
39
30.00 p.p.m.  
10
Physical
Melting Point
1,539.00 °C  
24
327.50 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,832.00 °C  
36
1,740.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Gray  
Luster
Lustrous  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
1.50  
19
Brinell Hardness
750.00 MPa  
13
38.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,200.00 MPa  
13
38.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
6,100.00 m/s  
5
1,190.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.80  
21
2.02  
14
Reflectivity
93.00 %  
3
5.00 %  
39
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Sc  
Pb  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
13  
26
35  
4
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.36  
30
1.87  
14
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.02  
40
2.29  
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.55  
12
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.36  
31
2.41  
2
Allen Electronegativity
1.19  
99+
1.85  
11
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.64  
25
1.67  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
31
2nd Energy Level
1,235.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,450.50 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,388.60 kJ/mol  
99+
3,081.50 kJ/mol  
23
4th Energy Level
7,090.60 kJ/mol  
13
4,083.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
8,843.00 kJ/mol  
7
6,640.00 kJ/mol  
32
6th Energy Level
10,679.00 kJ/mol  
13
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
13,310.00 kJ/mol  
8
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
36
8th Energy Level
15,250.00 kJ/mol  
11
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
32
9th Energy Level
17,370.00 kJ/mol  
14
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
30
10th Energy Level
21,726.00 kJ/mol  
13
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
34
11th Energy Level
24,102.00 kJ/mol  
16
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
33
12th Energy Level
66,320.00 kJ/mol  
7
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
73,010.00 kJ/mol  
2
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
28
14th Energy Level
80,160.00 kJ/mol  
3
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
89,490.00 kJ/mol  
6
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
24
16th Energy Level
97,400.00 kJ/mol  
5
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
19
17th Energy Level
105,600.00 kJ/mol  
6
715.60 kJ/mol  
40
18th Energy Level
117,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
30
19th Energy Level
124,270.00 kJ/mol  
8
715.60 kJ/mol  
37
20th Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.00 kJ/mol  
31
21st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
35
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
23rd Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
37
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
25th Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
39
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
26th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
38
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
27th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
40
715.60 kJ/mol  
23
28th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
29
29th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
30
30th Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.00 kJ/mol  
24
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.56 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.87 g/amp-hr  
9
Electron Work Function
3.50 eV  
99+
4.25 eV  
28
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
21  
99+
82  
34
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d1 4s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
21  
99+
82  
34
Number of Neutrons
24  
99+
125  
20
Number of Electrons
21  
99+
82  
34
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
162.00 pm  
28
175.00 pm  
21
Covalent Radius
170.00 pm  
27
146.00 pm  
40
Van der Waals Radius
211.00 pm  
32
202.00 pm  
34
Atomic Weight
44.96 amu  
99+
207.20 amu  
30
Atomic Volume
15.00 cm3/mol  
99+
18.17 cm3/mol  
39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Calcium
  
Thallium
  
Next Element
Titanium
  
Bismuth
  
Valence Electron Potential
58.00 (-eV)  
25
24.20 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
330.90 pm  
99+
495.08 pm  
18
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
24
1.51  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
2.99 g/cm3  
99+
11.34 g/cm3  
35
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.80 g/cm3  
99+
10.66 g/cm3  
36
Tensile Strength
150.00 MPa  
25
12.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
29
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
1.64 (Pa)  
7
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
91.30 (Pa)  
3
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
29.10 GPa  
28
5.60 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
56.60 GPa  
22
46.00 GPa  
28
Young's Modulus
74.40 GPa  
28
16.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.28  
18
0.44  
3
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
2.99  
99+
11.35  
38
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
8
0.00 H/m  
12
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
30
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Poor Conductor  
Resistivity
562.00 nΩ·m  
10
208.00 nΩ·m  
16
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.05 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
18.10 kJ/mol  
39
35.10 kJ/mol  
33
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.60 J/(kg K)  
8
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K  
99+
26.65 J/mol·K  
34
Thermal Conductivity
15.80 W/m·K  
99+
35.30 W/m·K  
39
Critical Temperature
1,814.00 K  
28
600.61 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
10.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
28.90 µm/(m·K)  
13
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
314.20 kJ/mol  
99+
179.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.10 kJ/mol  
29
4.77 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
343.00 kJ/mol  
38
194.60 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
34.60 J/mol.K  
99+
64.80 J/mol.K  
18
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