Lead vs Thulium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Pb
Tm
Group Number
14
4
Not Available
Period Number
6
6
Block
p block
f block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Lanthanide
CAS Number
7439921
99+
7440304
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
225.00
2
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
- The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
- Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
- Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Unknown
Per Teodor Cleve
Discovery
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)
In 1879
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %
16
1 * 10-8 %
30
Abundance In Sun
~0.000001 %
18
~0.00000002 %
28
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
23
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
26
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
22
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
8
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
- Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
- Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
NA
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Unknown
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3
11
Not Available
In Bone
30.00 p.p.m.
10
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
327.50 °C
99+
1,545.00 °C
23
Boiling Point
1,740.00 °C
99+
1,730.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Silvery Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.50
18
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
38.00 MPa
99+
471.00 MPa
25
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
520.00 MPa
21
Speed of Sound
1,190.00 m/s
99+
Not Available
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pb
Tm
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
35
4
32
7
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.87
13
1.25
35
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.29
4
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.55
11
1.11
29
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.41
2
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.85
8
Not Available
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.67
99+
2.75
19
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol
31
596.70 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,450.50 kJ/mol
99+
1,160.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,081.50 kJ/mol
23
2,285.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
4,083.00 kJ/mol
35
4,120.00 kJ/mol
33
5th Energy Level
6,640.00 kJ/mol
20
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.87 g/amp-hr
9
2.10 g/amp-hr
26
Electron Work Function
4.25 eV
21
Not Available
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
82
34
69
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
82
34
69
99+
Number of Neutrons
125
19
100
32
Number of Electrons
82
34
69
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
175.00 pm
19
176.00 pm
18
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm
38
160.00 pm
30
Van der Waals Radius
202.00 pm
27
Not Available
Atomic Weight
207.20 amu
30
168.93 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
18.17 cm3/mol
27
18.10 cm3/mol
28
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
24.20 (-eV)
99+
49.70 (-eV)
28
Lattice Constant
495.08 pm
16
353.75 pm
40
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.57
17
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
11.34 g/cm3
33
9.32 g/cm3
40
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.66 g/cm3
15
8.56 g/cm3
24
Tensile Strength
12.00 MPa
20
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.64 (Pa)
7
0.06 (Pa)
10
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa
99+
30.50 GPa
22
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa
24
44.50 GPa
26
Young's Modulus
16.00 GPa
99+
74.00 GPa
27
Poisson Ratio
0.44
3
0.21
31
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
11.35
25
9.32
31
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
208.00 nΩ·m
16
676.00 nΩ·m
5
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω
36
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
35.10 kJ/mol
28
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
0.16 J/(kg K)
35
Molar Heat Capacity
26.65 J/mol·K
26
27.03 J/mol·K
22
Thermal Conductivity
35.30 W/m·K
38
16.90 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
28.90 µm/(m·K)
13
13.30 µm/(m·K)
29
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
179.40 kJ/mol
99+
191.00 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.77 kJ/mol
99+
16.80 kJ/mol
17
Enthalpy of Atomization
194.60 kJ/mol
99+
247.00 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
64.80 J/mol.K
17
74.00 J/mol.K
9
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