Thulium vs Lead
Periodic Table
Symbol
Tm
Pb
Group Number
Not Available
14
4
Period Number
6
6
Block
f block
p block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Post-Transition
CAS Number
7440304
99+
7439921
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
- Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
- Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
- The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve
Unknown
Discovery
In 1879
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-8 %
30
1 * 10-6 %
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000002 %
28
~0.000001 %
18
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
23
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
26
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
22
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
8
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
- Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
- It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
Industrial Uses
NA
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Unknown
Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3
11
In Bone
Not Available
30.00 p.p.m.
10
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,545.00 °C
23
327.50 °C
99+
Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C
99+
1,740.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery Gray
Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
1.50
18
Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa
25
38.00 MPa
99+
Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa
21
Not Available
Speed of Sound
Not Available
1,190.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tm
Pb
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
32
7
35
4
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.25
35
1.87
13
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
2.29
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.55
11
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
2.41
2
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
1.85
8
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.75
19
1.67
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol
99+
715.60 kJ/mol
31
2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,450.50 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol
99+
3,081.50 kJ/mol
23
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol
33
4,083.00 kJ/mol
35
5th Energy Level
Not Available
6,640.00 kJ/mol
20
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr
26
3.87 g/amp-hr
9
Electron Work Function
Not Available
4.25 eV
21
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
69
99+
82
34
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
69
99+
82
34
Number of Neutrons
100
32
125
19
Number of Electrons
69
99+
82
34
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm
18
175.00 pm
19
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm
30
146.00 pm
38
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available
202.00 pm
27
Atomic Weight
168.93 amu
99+
207.20 amu
30
Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol
28
18.17 cm3/mol
27
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)
28
24.20 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
353.75 pm
40
495.08 pm
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57
17
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm3
40
11.34 g/cm3
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm3
24
10.66 g/cm3
15
Tensile Strength
Not Available
12.00 MPa
20
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)
10
1.64 (Pa)
7
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa
22
5.60 GPa
99+
Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa
26
46.00 GPa
24
Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa
27
16.00 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.21
31
0.44
3
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
9.32
31
11.35
25
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Poor Conductor
Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m
5
208.00 nΩ·m
16
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.05 106/cm Ω
36
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
35.10 kJ/mol
28
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)
35
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K
22
26.65 J/mol·K
26
Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K
99+
35.30 W/m·K
38
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)
29
28.90 µm/(m·K)
13
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol
99+
179.40 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol
17
4.77 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol
99+
194.60 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K
9
64.80 J/mol.K
17
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