Lutetium Gadolinium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Lu
Gd
Group Number
Not Available
0
18
Period Number
6
6
Block
f block
f block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Lanthanide
CAS Number
7439943
99+
7440542
33
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Metal dust of Lutetium element is highly explosive.
- Lutetium metal is corrosion resistance and acts stable in air.
- Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
- Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Georges Urbain and Carl Auer von Welsbach
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
Discovery
In 1906
In 1880
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-8 %
30
2 * 10-7 %
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~0.0000002 %
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
34
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
30
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
38
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Lutetium metal is used outside research. It has commercial uses like Industrial catalyst for cracking oil refineries of hydrocarbons .
- Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
- Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Industrial Uses
NA
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Low Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
No
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,652.00 °C
19
1,311.00 °C
35
Boiling Point
3,402.00 °C
19
3,233.00 °C
25
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Brinell Hardness
893.00 MPa
10
Not Available
Vickers Hardness
1,160.00 MPa
8
510.00 MPa
22
Speed of Sound
Not Available
2,680.00 m/s
34
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Lu
Gd
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
35
4
26
13
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.27
34
1.20
39
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.14
28
1.11
29
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.73
20
2.80
15
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
523.50 kJ/mol
99+
593.40 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,340.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,170.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,022.30 kJ/mol
99+
1,990.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
4,370.00 kJ/mol
28
4,250.00 kJ/mol
30
5th Energy Level
6,445.00 kJ/mol
21
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.18 g/amp-hr
23
1.96 g/amp-hr
32
Electron Work Function
3.30 eV
33
3.10 eV
35
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
71
99+
64
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d1
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
71
99+
64
99+
Number of Neutrons
104
30
93
37
Number of Electrons
71
99+
64
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
174.00 pm
20
180.00 pm
14
Covalent Radius
187.00 pm
20
196.00 pm
14
Van der Waals Radius
221.00 pm
22
237.00 pm
15
Atomic Weight
174.97 amu
40
47.87 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
17.78 cm3/mol
30
19.90 cm3/mol
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
50.90 (-eV)
26
46.10 (-eV)
34
Lattice Constant
350.31 pm
99+
363.60 pm
32
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59
10
1.59
9
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
9.84 g/cm3
38
7.90 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.30 g/cm3
22
7.40 g/cm3
31
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
33
0.00 (Pa)
30
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
3.18 (Pa)
11
7.39 (Pa)
9
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
27.20 GPa
26
21.80 GPa
33
Bulk Modulus
47.60 GPa
23
37.90 GPa
34
Young's Modulus
68.60 GPa
30
54.80 GPa
35
Poisson Ratio
0.26
21
0.26
23
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
9.84
29
7.90
40
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Ferromagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
582.00 nΩ·m
9
1.31 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.15 J/(kg K)
36
0.23 J/(kg K)
27
Molar Heat Capacity
26.86 J/mol·K
24
37.03 J/mol·K
2
Thermal Conductivity
16.40 W/m·K
99+
10.60 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
9.90 µm/(m·K)
40
9.40 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
355.90 kJ/mol
22
359.40 kJ/mol
21
Enthalpy of Fusion
18.70 kJ/mol
13
10.05 kJ/mol
36
Enthalpy of Atomization
398.00 kJ/mol
20
352.00 kJ/mol
27
Standard Molar Entropy
51.00 J/mol.K
30
68.10 J/mol.K
16
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