Magnesium

Scandium

Magnesium Scandium Comparison

Magnesium

Scandium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

s block

d block

1.5 Element Family

Alkaline Earth

Transition Metal

1.6 CAS Number

74399547440202

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

P63/mmc

1.8 Space Group Number

194.00194.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Magnesium ions are present in every chlorophyll of every green plant .
Controlling Magnesium fire by pouring water on it will result in explosions.

Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .

2.2 Sources

By Electrolysis Process, In Ocean, Mining

Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Joseph Black

Lars Fredrik Nilson

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1755

In 1879

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

6 * 10^-2 %3 * 10^-6 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.07 %~0.000004 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

12.00 %0.00 %

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

2.90 %0.00 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

0.13 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

0.03 %NA

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

Magnesium aluminum alloy improves the mechanical strength and welding characteristics and hence it is used in aeroplane and car manufacturing.
It is also used to remove sulfur from the molten iron and steel.

Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Pharmaceutical Industry

Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

3.1.3 Other Uses

Surgical Instruments Manufacturing

Alloys

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Non Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

37.80 Blood/mg dm-30.01 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

1,800.00 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

650.00 °C1,539.00 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

1,107.00 °C2,832.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Gray

Silvery White

4.3.3 Luster

Lustrous

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

2.50NA

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

260.00 MPa750.00 MPa

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

NANA

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

4,940.00 m/sNA

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

74.00 %NA

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

1513

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.311.36

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

1.321.02

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.231.20

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

1.37NA

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

1.291.19

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.692.64

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

737.70 kJ/mol633.10 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

1,450.70 kJ/mol1,235.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

7,732.70 kJ/mol2,388.60 kJ/mol

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

10,542.50 kJ/mol7,090.60 kJ/mol

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

13,630.00 kJ/mol8,843.00 kJ/mol

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

18,020.00 kJ/mol10,679.00 kJ/mol

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

21,711.00 kJ/mol13,310.00 kJ/mol

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

25,661.00 kJ/mol15,250.00 kJ/mol

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

31,653.00 kJ/mol17,370.00 kJ/mol

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

35,458.00 kJ/mol21,726.00 kJ/mol

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

169,988.00 kJ/mol24,102.00 kJ/mol

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

189,368.00 kJ/mol66,320.00 kJ/mol

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

NA73,010.00 kJ/mol

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

NA80,160.00 kJ/mol

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

NA89,490.00 kJ/mol

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

NA97,400.00 kJ/mol

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

NA105,600.00 kJ/mol

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

NA117,000.00 kJ/mol

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

NA124,270.00 kJ/mol

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

NANA

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

NANA

87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

NANA

93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

0.45 g/amp-hr0.56 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

3.66 eV3.50 eV

2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Corrosion, Highly Inflammable, Ionization, Solubility

Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

1221

3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Ne] 3s²

[Ar] 3d¹ 4s²

6.3 Crystal Structure

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

1221

3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

1224

4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

1221

3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

160.00 pm162.00 pm

112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

141.00 pm170.00 pm

96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

173.00 pm211.00 pm

139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

24.31 amu44.96 amu

6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

13.97 cm3/mol15.00 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

40.00 (-eV)58.00 (-eV)

8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

320.94 pm330.90 pm

228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NA1.59

1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

1.74 g/cm³2.99 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

1.58 g/cm32.80 g/cm3

0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

NANA

2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

NA0.00 (Pa)

2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

NA91.30 (Pa)

2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

17.00 GPa29.10 GPa

1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

45.00 GPa56.60 GPa

1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

45.00 GPa74.40 GPa

1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

0.290.28

0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

1.742.99

0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

43.90 nΩ·m562.00 nΩ·m

0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.23 10⁶/cm Ω0.02 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

0.00 kJ/mol18.10 kJ/mol

0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

1.02 J/(kg K)0.60 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

24.87 J/mol·K25.52 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

156.00 W/m·K15.80 W/m·K

6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

24.80 µm/(m·K)10.20 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

128.70 kJ/mol314.20 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

8.95 kJ/mol14.10 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

148.50 kJ/mol343.00 kJ/mol

61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

32.70 J/mol.K34.60 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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