Magnesium

Thorium

Magnesium Thorium Comparison

Magnesium

Thorium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

0 17

1.4 Period Number

2 7

1.6 Block

s block

f block

1.7 Element Family

Alkaline Earth

Actinide

1.8 CAS Number

74399547440326

7429905 54386242

2.2 Space Group Name

P63/mmc

2.3 Space Group Number

194.00194.00

11 229

3 Facts

3.1 Interesting Facts

Magnesium ions are present in every chlorophyll of every green plant .
Controlling Magnesium fire by pouring water on it will result in explosions.

Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.

3.2 Sources

By Electrolysis Process, In Ocean, Mining

Found in Minerals, Mining

3.3 History

3.3.1 Who Discovered

Joseph Black

Jöns Jakob Berzelius

3.3.2 Discovery

In 1755

In 1829

3.4 Abundance

3.4.1 Abundance In Universe

6 * 10^-2 %3 * 10^-4 %

5E-09 0.11

3.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.07 %~0.0004 %

1E-08 0.1

3.4.4 Abundance In Meteorites

12.00 %0.05 %

1.7E-07 22

3.4.5 Abundance In Earth's Crust

2.90 %0.66 %

9.9E-12 8.1

3.4.7 Abundance In Oceans

0.13 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

3.5.2 Abundance In Humans

0.03 %NA

1E-13 1.4

4 Uses

4.1 Uses & Benefits

Magnesium aluminum alloy improves the mechanical strength and welding characteristics and hence it is used in aeroplane and car manufacturing.
It is also used to remove sulfur from the molten iron and steel.

Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.

4.1.1 Industrial Uses

Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Pharmaceutical Industry

Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

4.1.2 Medical Uses

Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing

4.1.3 Other Uses

Surgical Instruments Manufacturing

Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues

4.2 Biological Properties

4.2.1 Toxicity

Non Toxic

4.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

4.2.3 In Blood

37.80 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

4.2.5 In Bone

1,800.00 p.p.m.0.02 p.p.m.

0 170000

5 Physical

5.1 Melting Point

650.00 °C1,750.00 °C

27 3410

5.3 Boiling Point

1,107.00 °C4,790.00 °C

147 5660

5.4 Appearance

5.4.1 Physical State

Solid

5.4.2 Color

Gray

Silver

5.4.3 Luster

5.5 Hardness

5.5.1 Mohs Hardness

2.503.00

0.2 8.5

5.7.1 Brinell Hardness

260.00 MPa390.00 MPa

0.14 3490

5.8.1 Vickers Hardness

NA295.00 MPa

121 3430

6.2 Speed of Sound

4,940.00 m/s2,490.00 m/s

818 16200

6.3 Optical Properties

6.3.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

6.3.3 Reflectivity

74.00 %NA

58 97

6.4 Allotropes

✔ ✘

6.4.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

6.4.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

6.4.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

7 Chemical

7.1 Chemical Formula

7.2 Isotopes

7.2.1 Known Isotopes

1528

0 38

7.4 Electronegativity

7.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.311.30

0.7 2.54

7.6.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

1.32NA

0.22 2.56

7.6.4 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.231.11

0.86 1.82

7.7.2 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

1.37NA

0.62 2.48

7.7.3 Allen Electronegativity

1.29NA

0.659 2.7

7.8 Electropositivity

7.8.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.692.70

1.46 3.3

7.9 Ionization Energies

7.9.1 1st Energy Level

737.70 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

7.9.2 2nd Energy Level

1,450.70 kJ/mol1,110.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

7.10.1 3rd Energy Level

7,732.70 kJ/mol1,978.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

8.1.2 4th Energy Level

10,542.50 kJ/mol2,780.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

8.1.3 5th Energy Level

13,630.00 kJ/molNA

4305.2 97510

8.1.6 6th Energy Level

18,020.00 kJ/molNA

5715.8 105800

8.1.8 7th Energy level

21,711.00 kJ/molNA

7226.8 114300

8.2.3 8th Energy Level

25,661.00 kJ/molNA

8857.4 125300

8.2.4 9th Energy Level

31,653.00 kJ/molNA

14110 134700

8.2.6 10th Energy Level

35,458.00 kJ/molNA

17100 144300

8.2.8 11th Energy Level

169,988.00 kJ/molNA

19900 169988

8.2.9 12th Energy Level

189,368.00 kJ/molNA

22219 189368

9.1.1 13th Energy Level

NANA

26930 76015

9.2.1 14th Energy Level

NANA

29196 86450

9.3.1 15th Energy Level

NANA

41987 97510

9.4.1 16th Energy Level

NANA

47206 109480

9.5.1 17th Energy Level

NANA

52737 122200

9.6.2 18th Energy Level

NANA

58570 134810

9.6.4 19th Energy Level

NANA

64702 148700

9.6.6 20th Energy Level

NANA

80400 171200

9.7.1 21st Energy Level

NANA

87000 179100

9.7.2 22nd Energy Level

NANA

93400 184900

9.7.3 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

9.7.4 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

9.7.5 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

9.7.6 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

9.7.7 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

9.7.8 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

9.7.9 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

9.7.10 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

9.8 Electrochemical Equivalent

0.45 g/amp-hr2.16 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

9.9 Electron Work Function

3.66 eV3.41 eV

2.14 5.65

9.10 Other Chemical Properties

Corrosion, Highly Inflammable, Ionization, Solubility

Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity

10 Atomic

10.1 Atomic Number

1290

3 117

10.2 Electron Configuration

[Ne] 3s²

[Rn] 6d² 7s²

10.3 Crystal Structure

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

10.3.1 Crystal Lattice

10.4 Atom

10.4.1 Number of Protons

1290

3 117

10.4.2 Number of Neutrons

12142

4 184

10.4.3 Number of Electrons

1290

3 117

10.5 Radius of an Atom

10.5.1 Atomic Radius

160.00 pm179.80 pm

112 265

10.5.2 Covalent Radius

141.00 pm206.00 pm

96 260

10.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

173.00 pm237.00 pm

139 348

10.6 Atomic Weight

24.31 amu232.04 amu

6.94 294

10.7 Atomic Volume

13.97 cm3/mol19.90 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

10.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

10.8.1 Previous Element

10.8.2 Next Element

10.9 Valence Electron Potential

40.00 (-eV)59.30 (-eV)

8 392.42

10.10 Lattice Constant

320.94 pm508.42 pm

228.58 891.25

10.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

π/2, π/2, π/2

10.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

11 Mechanical

11.1 Density

11.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

1.74 g/cm³11.72 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

11.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

1.58 g/cm3NA

0.512 20

11.2 Tensile Strength

NANA

2.5 11000

11.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

11.4 Vapor Pressure

11.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

NANA

2.47E-11 121

11.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

NA0.00 (Pa)

2.62E-10 774

11.5 Elasticity properties

11.5.1 Shear Modulus

17.00 GPa31.00 GPa

1.3 222

11.5.2 Bulk Modulus

45.00 GPa54.00 GPa

1.6 462

11.5.3 Young's Modulus

45.00 GPa79.00 GPa

1.7 528

11.6 Poisson Ratio

0.290.27

0.032 0.47

11.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile

12 Magnetic

12.1 Magnetic Characteristics

12.1.1 Specific Gravity

1.7411.70

0.53 4500

12.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

12.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

12.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

12.2 Electrical Properties

12.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

Superconductor

12.2.2 Resistivity

43.90 nΩ·m157.00 nΩ·m

0.18 961

12.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.23 10⁶/cm Ω0.07 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

12.2.4 Electron Affinity

0.00 kJ/molNA

0 222.8

13 Thermal

13.1 Specific Heat

1.02 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

13.2 Molar Heat Capacity

24.87 J/mol·K26.23 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

13.3 Thermal Conductivity

156.00 W/m·K54.00 W/m·K

6.3 429

13.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

13.5 Thermal Expansion

24.80 µm/(m·K)11.00 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

13.6 Enthalpy

13.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

128.70 kJ/mol429.00 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

13.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

8.95 kJ/mol15.48 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

13.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

148.50 kJ/mol468.60 kJ/mol

61.5 837

13.7 Standard Molar Entropy

32.70 J/mol.K27.30 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

Compare All Metals

Magnesium vs Thorium

Magnesium vs Uranium

Magnesium vs Aluminium

All Metals