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Neodymium vs Gallium

Neodymium
Gallium
Gallium vs Neodymium


Periodic Table
Symbol
-  
Ga  
Group Number
1  
17
13  
5
Period Number
6  
4  
Block
f block  
p block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440008  
99+
7440553  
32
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Cmca  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
64.00  
12
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Neodymium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Neodymium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
  • A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
  • Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Auer von Welsbach  
Lecoq de Boisbaudran  
Discovery
In 1885  
In 1875  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
17
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
20
0.00 %  
24
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Neodymium-Iron-boron alloy is used to make permanent magnets.
  • It is used in microphones, Mp3 player, loudspeakers, mobile phones, etc.
  
  • Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
  • Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
34
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3  
13
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,010.00 °C  
99+
29.78 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,127.00 °C  
29
2,403.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
7.00  
3
1.50  
19
Brinell Hardness
265.00 MPa  
99+
56.80 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
345.00 MPa  
99+
111.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,330.00 m/s  
99+
2,740.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.64  
30
1.81  
20
Reflectivity
80.00 %  
7
36.00 %  
33
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
-  
Ga  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
30  
9
24  
15
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.14  
99+
1.81  
16
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.14  
35
2.42  
2
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07  
33
1.82  
2
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.14  
99+
2.01  
9
Allen Electronegativity
1.14  
99+
1.76  
17
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.86  
13
2.19  
40
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
533.10 kJ/mol  
99+
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,979.30 kJ/mol  
13
3rd Energy Level
2,130.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,963.00 kJ/mol  
28
4th Energy Level
3,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
16
5th Energy Level
5,330.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,330.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,331.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,360.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,330.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,330.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,330.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,330.00 kJ/mol  
99+
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
20
13th Energy Level
5,330.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
533.10 kJ/mol  
99+
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
53,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
533.10 kJ/mol  
99+
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
533.10 kJ/mol  
99+
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,331.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
533.10 kJ/mol  
99+
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
536.00 kJ/mol  
99+
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
533.10 kJ/mol  
99+
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
533.00 kJ/mol  
99+
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
5,331.00 kJ/mol  
27
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
533.10 kJ/mol  
99+
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
533.10 kJ/mol  
99+
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
533.10 kJ/mol  
99+
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
533.10 kJ/mol  
99+
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
533.10 kJ/mol  
99+
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
533.10 kJ/mol  
99+
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
533.10 kJ/mol  
99+
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.79 g/amp-hr  
99+
0.87 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
3.20 eV  
99+
4.20 eV  
30
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
60  
99+
31  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f4 6s2  
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Orthorhombic (ORTH)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Neodymium.jpg#100  
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
60  
99+
31  
99+
Number of Neutrons
84  
99+
39  
99+
Number of Electrons
60  
99+
31  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
181.00 pm  
15
135.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
201.00 pm  
10
122.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
229.00 pm  
25
187.00 pm  
39
Atomic Weight
144.24 amu  
99+
69.72 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
20.60 cm3/mol  
28
11.80 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Praseodymium
  
Zinc
  
Next Element
Promethium
  
Rubidium
  
Valence Electron Potential
43.40 (-eV)  
99+
69.70 (-eV)  
19
Lattice Constant
365.80 pm  
33
451.97 pm  
20
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61  
18
1.30  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.01 g/cm3  
99+
5.91 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.89 g/cm3  
99+
6.10 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
345.00 MPa  
13
41.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
23
0.00 (Pa)  
15
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
101.00 (Pa)  
2
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
16.30 GPa  
99+
7.20 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
31.80 GPa  
99+
37.30 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
41.40 GPa  
99+
9.80 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.28  
16
0.47  
1
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.00  
99+
5.91  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
7
0.00 H/m  
11
Susceptibility
0.00  
9
0.00  
7
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
643.00 nΩ·m  
6
270.00 nΩ·m  
15
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω  
34
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
28.90 kJ/mol  
37
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)  
33
0.37 J/(kg K)  
16
Molar Heat Capacity
27.45 J/mol·K  
22
25.86 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
16.50 W/m·K  
99+
40.60 W/m·K  
34
Critical Temperature
1,297.00 K  
99+
302.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
9.60 µm/(m·K)  
99+
18.00 µm/(m·K)  
26
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
273.00 kJ/mol  
99+
256.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.14 kJ/mol  
99+
5.59 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
322.00 kJ/mol  
99+
276.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
71.50 J/mol.K  
13
40.80 J/mol.K  
99+
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