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Niobium Lead Comparison

Niobium
Lead
Lead Niobium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Nb   
Pb   
Group Number
5   
13
14   
4
Period Number
5   
6   
Block
d block   
p block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7440031   
99+
7439921   
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
229.00   
1
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett   
Unknown   
Discovery
In 1801   
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %   
23
~0.000001 %   
18
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
35
0.00 %   
23
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
25
0.00 %   
26
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
34
0.00 %   
22
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
8
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
25
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3   
11
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.   
25
30.00 p.p.m.   
10
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,468.00 °C   
6
327.50 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C   
99+
1,740.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gray   
Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00   
6
1.50   
18
Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa   
14
38.00 MPa   
99+
Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa   
12
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s   
21
1,190.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Nb   
Pb   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
17   
22
35   
4
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.60   
23
1.87   
13
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.42   
16
2.29   
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23   
25
1.55   
11
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.41   
2
Allen Electronegativity
1.41   
31
1.85   
8
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.40   
31
1.67   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol   
99+
715.60 kJ/mol   
31
2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,450.50 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,081.50 kJ/mol   
23
4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4,083.00 kJ/mol   
35
5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol   
36
6,640.00 kJ/mol   
20
6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol   
11
Not Available   
7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol   
14
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr   
99+
3.87 g/amp-hr   
9
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV   
18
4.25 eV   
21
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
41   
99+
82   
34
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2   
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
41   
99+
82   
34
Number of Neutrons
52   
99+
125   
19
Number of Electrons
41   
99+
82   
34
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
146.00 pm   
35
175.00 pm   
19
Covalent Radius
164.00 pm   
28
146.00 pm   
38
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
202.00 pm   
27
Atomic Weight
92.91 amu   
99+
207.20 amu   
30
Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol   
99+
18.17 cm3/mol   
27
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zirconium
  
Thallium
  
Next Element
Molybdenum
  
Bismuth
  
Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)   
8
24.20 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
330.04 pm   
99+
495.08 pm   
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm3   
99+
11.34 g/cm3   
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
10.66 g/cm3   
15
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa   
12
12.00 MPa   
20
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
1.64 (Pa)   
7
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
27
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa   
19
5.60 GPa   
99+
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa   
10
46.00 GPa   
24
Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa   
20
16.00 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.40   
4
0.44   
3
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.57   
37
11.35   
25
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Poor Conductor   
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m   
23
208.00 nΩ·m   
16
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
28
0.05 106/cm Ω   
36
Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol   
12
35.10 kJ/mol   
28
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)   
20
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K   
99+
26.65 J/mol·K   
26
Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K   
29
35.30 W/m·K   
38
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)   
99+
28.90 µm/(m·K)   
13
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol   
4
179.40 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol   
6
4.77 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol   
4
194.60 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K   
99+
64.80 J/mol.K   
17
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