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Palladium Rutherfordium Comparison

Palladium
Rutherfordium
Rutherfordium Palladium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pd   
Rf   
Group Number
10   
8
4   
14
Period Number
5   
7   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440053   
99+
53850365   
13
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
Not Available   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
Not Available   
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
  • Rutherfordium does not occur in nature as it is a synthetic element.
  • Till date Rutherfordium metal has 15 radioisotopes created synthetically.
  
Sources
Ores of metals   
Bombarding Plutonium with Accelerated 113 to 115 MeV Neon Ions, Synthetically Produced   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston   
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research   
Discovery
In 1803   
In 1964   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000003 %   
24
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
  • Currently known uses of Rutherfordium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
NA   
Other Uses
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery   
Alloys, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Unknown   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
Not Available   
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,554.90 °C   
22
2,100.00 °C   
11
Boiling Point
2,963.00 °C   
33
5,500.00 °C   
3
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Unknown   
Luster
Metallic   
Unknown Luster   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.75   
9
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
320.00 MPa   
33
Not Available   
Vickers Hardness
121.00 MPa   
36
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
3,070.00 m/s   
26
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.72   
1
Not Available   
Reflectivity
84.00 %   
4
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pd   
Rf   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
38   
1
13   
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20   
4
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.35   
21
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.59   
22
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80   
99+
Not Available   
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
520.23 kJ/mol   
99+
579.90 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
7,298.22 kJ/mol   
2
1,389.40 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
11,815.13 kJ/mol   
3
2,296.40 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
3,077.90 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.99 g/amp-hr   
30
Not Available   
Electron Work Function
5.12 eV   
3
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
46   
99+
104   
14
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10   
[Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
46   
99+
104   
14
Number of Neutrons
60   
99+
157   
7
Number of Electrons
46   
99+
104   
14
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
137.00 pm   
40
150.00 pm   
33
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm   
99+
157.00 pm   
31
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm   
40
Not Available   
Atomic Weight
106.42 amu   
99+
267.00 amu   
11
Atomic Volume
8.90 cm3/mol   
99+
Not Available   
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Rhodium
  
Lawrencium
  
Next Element
Silver
  
Dubnium
  
Valence Electron Potential
33.00 (-eV)   
99+
Not Available   
Lattice Constant
389.07 pm   
25
Not Available   
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
NA   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.02 g/cm3   
29
23.20 g/cm3   
8
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.38 g/cm3   
17
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
27
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
30
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa   
17
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa   
9
Not Available   
Young's Modulus
121.00 GPa   
16
Not Available   
Poisson Ratio
0.39   
5
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable   
Unknown   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.02   
21
Not Available   
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Unknown   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Unknown   
Resistivity
105.40 nΩ·m   
29
Not Available   
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω   
22
Not Available   
Electron Affinity
54.23 kJ/mol   
17
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)   
23
Not Available   
Molar Heat Capacity
25.98 J/mol·K   
33
Not Available   
Thermal Conductivity
71.80 W/m·K   
23
Not Available   
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
11.80 µm/(m·K)   
33
Not Available   
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
376.60 kJ/mol   
19
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.74 kJ/mol   
18
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Atomization
393.30 kJ/mol   
22
Not Available   
Standard Molar Entropy
37.60 J/mol.K   
40
Not Available   
Summary >>
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