1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Lanthanide
1.6 CAS Number
74400537440304
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
- In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
- Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
- Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
- Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
2.2 Sources
Ores of metals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston
Per Teodor Cleve
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %1 * 10-8 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000003 %~0.00000002 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
- It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
- Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
-
Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry
NA
3.1.2 Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
3.1.3 Other Uses
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
3.2.4 In Bone
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
1,554.90 °C1,545.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
2,963.00 °C1,730.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
320.00 MPa471.00 MPa
0.14
3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
121.00 MPa520.00 MPa
121
3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
520.23 kJ/mol596.70 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
7,298.22 kJ/mol1,160.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
11,815.13 kJ/mol2,285.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
NA4,120.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
5.5.7 7th Energy level
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
1.2.2 25th Energy Level
1.2.3 26th Energy Level
1.2.4 27th Energy Level
1.3.2 28th Energy Level
1.3.4 29th Energy Level
1.3.5 30th Energy Level
1.4 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.99 g/amp-hr2.10 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
1.5 Electron Work Function
1.6 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
2 Atomic
2.1 Atomic Number
2.3 Electron Configuration
2.4 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
2.4.1 Crystal Lattice
2.5 Atom
2.5.1 Number of Protons
2.6.2 Number of Neutrons
2.6.4 Number of Electrons
2.7 Radius of an Atom
2.7.1 Atomic Radius
137.00 pm176.00 pm
112
265
2.7.3 Covalent Radius
139.00 pm160.00 pm
96
260
2.7.4 Van der Waals Radius
2.8 Atomic Weight
106.42 amu168.93 amu
6.94
294
2.9 Atomic Volume
8.90 cm3/mol18.10 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
2.10 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
2.10.1 Previous Element
2.10.2 Next Element
2.11 Valence Electron Potential
33.00 (-eV)49.70 (-eV)
8
392.42
2.12 Lattice Constant
389.07 pm353.75 pm
228.58
891.25
2.13 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
2.14 Lattice C/A Ratio
3 Mechanical
3.1 Density
3.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
12.02 g/cm39.32 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
3.1.3 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.38 g/cm38.56 g/cm3
0.512
20
3.2 Tensile Strength
3.3 Viscosity
3.4 Vapor Pressure
3.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.06 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
3.4.3 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
3.5 Elasticity properties
3.5.1 Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa30.50 GPa
1.3
222
3.5.3 Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa44.50 GPa
1.6
462
3.5.6 Young's Modulus
121.00 GPa74.00 GPa
1.7
528
3.6 Poisson Ratio
3.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable
Ductile, Malleable
4 Magnetic
4.1 Magnetic Characteristics
4.1.1 Specific Gravity
4.1.3 Magnetic Ordering
4.1.4 Permeability
4.1.6 Susceptibility
4.2 Electrical Properties
4.2.1 Electrical Property
4.2.2 Resistivity
105.40 nΩ·m676.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
4.2.4 Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω0.02 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
4.2.6 Electron Affinity
54.23 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
5 Thermal
5.1 Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)0.16 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
5.2 Molar Heat Capacity
25.98 J/mol·K27.03 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
5.3 Thermal Conductivity
71.80 W/m·K16.90 W/m·K
6.3
429
5.4 Critical Temperature
5.6 Thermal Expansion
11.80 µm/(m·K)13.30 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
5.8 Enthalpy
5.8.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
376.60 kJ/mol191.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
5.9.1 Enthalpy of Fusion
16.74 kJ/mol16.80 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
1.1.1 Enthalpy of Atomization
393.30 kJ/mol247.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
1.3 Standard Molar Entropy
37.60 J/mol.K74.00 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1