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Palladium vs Radium

Palladium
Radium
Radium vs Palladium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pd  
Ra  
Group Number
10  
8
2  
16
Period Number
5  
7  
Block
d block  
s block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Alkaline Earth  
CAS Number
7440053  
99+
7440144  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
  • Radium metal is the heaviest metal of Alkaline earth metals column.
  • Radium metal is highly radioactive and does not have any stable isotopes.
  
Sources
Ores of metals  
Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston  
-  
Discovery
In 1803  
In 1898  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
23
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
  • It is a highly radioactive metal; and sometime Radium-223 is used to treat prostate cancer.
  • It is used in luminous paints.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery  
-  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
34
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,554.90 °C  
22
700.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,963.00 °C  
34
1,737.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.75  
9
1.00  
22
Brinell Hardness
320.00 MPa  
40
700.00 MPa  
17
Vickers Hardness
121.00 MPa  
99+
140.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,070.00 m/s  
38
3,150.00 m/s  
37
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.72  
25
1.00  
99+
Reflectivity
84.00 %  
5
83.00 %  
6
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pd  
Ra  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
38  
1
33  
6
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
5
0.90  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
0.89  
99+
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.35  
22
0.97  
39
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.20  
6
0.92  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
1.59  
25
0.89  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
3.10  
5
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
520.23 kJ/mol  
99+
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
7,298.22 kJ/mol  
2
979.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
11,815.13 kJ/mol  
3
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,093.00 kJ/mol  
27
5th Energy Level
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
13
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
33
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
24
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
28
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
80,400.00 kJ/mol  
16
50,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
50,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
33
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
8,045.00 kJ/mol  
22
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
30
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
804.00 kJ/mol  
23
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
804.00 kJ/mol  
18
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
14
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
11
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
17
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
16
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
804.00 kJ/mol  
12
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.99 g/amp-hr  
34
4.22 g/amp-hr  
6
Electron Work Function
5.12 eV  
7
4.30 eV  
25
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
46  
99+
88  
30
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10  
[Rn] 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
46  
99+
88  
30
Number of Neutrons
60  
99+
138  
17
Number of Electrons
46  
99+
88  
30
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
137.00 pm  
99+
215.00 pm  
6
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
221.00 pm  
3
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm  
99+
283.00 pm  
5
Atomic Weight
106.42 amu  
99+
226.00 amu  
26
Atomic Volume
8.90 cm3/mol  
99+
45.20 cm3/mol  
5
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Rhodium
  
Francium
  
Next Element
Silver
  
Actinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
33.00 (-eV)  
99+
20.10 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
389.07 pm  
28
514.80 pm  
15
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.56  
99+
1.57  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.02 g/cm3  
31
5.50 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.38 g/cm3  
38
5.50 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
550.00 MPa  
8
40.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
14
0.00  
2
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
29
0.00 (Pa)  
16
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
0.00 (Pa)  
33
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa  
17
25.00 GPa  
38
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa  
9
43.00 GPa  
33
Young's Modulus
121.00 GPa  
18
83.00 GPa  
25
Poisson Ratio
0.39  
5
0.31  
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.02  
33
5.00  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Nonmagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
18
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
27
0.00  
18
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
105.40 nΩ·m  
29
100.00 nΩ·m  
31
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω  
27
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
54.23 kJ/mol  
21
0.90 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
25.98 J/mol·K  
99+
20.05 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
71.80 W/m·K  
23
18.60 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,825.00 K  
26
973.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
11.80 µm/(m·K)  
99+
8.50 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
376.60 kJ/mol  
28
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.74 kJ/mol  
18
8.60 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
393.30 kJ/mol  
29
163.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
37.60 J/mol.K  
99+
71.00 J/mol.K  
14
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