Polonium Calcium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Po
Ca
Group Number
16
2
2
16
Period Number
6
4
Block
p block
s block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Alkaline Earth
CAS Number
7440086
99+
7440702
21
Space Group Name
Pm-3m
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
221.00
3
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
- Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
- Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
- Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
- It is found in the compound state.
- Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie
Humphry Davy
Discovery
In 1898
In 1808
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
Not Available
7 * 10-3 %
3
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %
~0.007 %
4
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available
1.10 %
4
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available
5.00 %
3
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
5
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
1.40 %
1
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
- A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
- It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
- Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
37
60.50 Blood/mg dm-3
4
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
36
170,000.00 p.p.m.
1
Physical Properties
Melting Point
254.00 °C
99+
839.00 °C
99+
Boiling Point
962.00 °C
99+
1,484.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Gray
Luster
NA
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
1.75
17
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
170.00 MPa
99+
Speed of Sound
Not Available
3,810.00 m/s
19
Optical Properties
Allotropes
Yes
No
α Allotropes
α-polonium
Not Available
β Allotropes
β-polonium
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Po
Ca
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
29
10
19
20
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00
7
1.00
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
0.95
24
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76
2
1.04
34
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48
1
1.08
17
Allen Electronegativity
2.19
2
1.03
39
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00
99+
3.00
9
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol
14
589.80 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
Not Available
1,145.40 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
Not Available
4,912.40 kJ/mol
7
4th Energy Level
Not Available
6,491.00 kJ/mol
7
5th Energy Level
Not Available
8,153.00 kJ/mol
7
6th Energy Level
Not Available
10,496.00 kJ/mol
8
7th Energy level
Not Available
12,270.00 kJ/mol
12
8th Energy Level
Not Available
14,206.00 kJ/mol
15
9th Energy Level
Not Available
18,191.00 kJ/mol
12
10th Energy Level
Not Available
20,385.00 kJ/mol
16
11th Energy Level
Not Available
57,110.00 kJ/mol
3
12th Energy Level
Not Available
63,410.00 kJ/mol
3
13th Energy Level
Not Available
70,110.00 kJ/mol
3
14th Energy Level
Not Available
78,890.00 kJ/mol
4
15th Energy Level
Not Available
86,310.00 kJ/mol
5
16th Energy Level
Not Available
94,000.00 kJ/mol
6
17th Energy Level
Not Available
104,900.00 kJ/mol
7
18th Energy Level
Not Available
111,711.00 kJ/mol
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr
8
0.75 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available
2.87 eV
38
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
84
32
20
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
[Ar] 4s2
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Calcium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
84
32
20
99+
Number of Neutrons
125
19
20
99+
Number of Electrons
84
32
20
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm
23
197.00 pm
6
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm
99+
176.00 pm
22
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm
29
231.00 pm
19
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu
28
40.08 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol
13
29.90 cm3/mol
7
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
Not Available
29.00 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm
99+
558.84 pm
9
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3
99+
1.55 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3
19
1.38 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
25.50 (Pa)
3
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
Not Available
7.40 GPa
99+
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
17.00 GPa
99+
Young's Modulus
Not Available
20.00 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
0.31
13
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
9.32
31
4.58
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m
99+
33.60 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.30 106/cm Ω
6
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol
3
2.37 kJ/mol
39
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
0.63 J/(kg K)
7
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K
28
25.93 J/mol·K
34
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K
99+
201.00 W/m·K
5
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)
16
22.30 µm/(m·K)
19
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol
99+
150.00 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol
26
8.54 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol
99+
184.00 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available
41.60 J/mol.K
36
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