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Polonium vs Calcium

Polonium
Calcium
Calcium vs Polonium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Po  
Ca  
Group Number
16  
2
2  
16
Period Number
6  
4  
Block
p block  
s block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Alkaline Earth  
CAS Number
7440086  
99+
7440702  
21
Space Group Name
Pm-3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
221.00  
4
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
  • Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
  • It is found in the compound state.
  • Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals  
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Humphry Davy  
Discovery
In 1898  
In 1808  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.01 %  
4
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.01 %  
4
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
1.10 %  
4
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
5.00 %  
3
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
5
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
1.40 %  
1
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
  • It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
  • Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
60.50 Blood/mg dm-3  
4
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
170,000.00 p.p.m.  
1
Physical
Melting Point
254.00 °C  
99+
839.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
962.00 °C  
99+
1,484.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Gray  
Luster
-  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
1.75  
18
Brinell Hardness
70.00 MPa  
99+
170.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
30.00 MPa  
99+
170.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
3,810.00 m/s  
26
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.70  
3
1.54  
35
Reflectivity
50.00 %  
31
60.00 %  
23
Allotropes
Yes  
No  
α Allotropes
α-polonium  
-  
β Allotropes
β-polonium  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Po  
Ca  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
19  
20
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00  
8
1.00  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.00  
10
0.95  
99+
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76  
3
1.04  
35
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48  
1
1.08  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
2.19  
2
1.03  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00  
99+
3.00  
9
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
589.80 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
1,145.40 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
4,912.40 kJ/mol  
7
4th Energy Level
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
6,491.00 kJ/mol  
15
5th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
8,153.00 kJ/mol  
11
6th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
10,496.00 kJ/mol  
14
7th Energy level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
12,270.00 kJ/mol  
12
8th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
14,206.00 kJ/mol  
15
9th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
18,191.00 kJ/mol  
12
10th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
20,385.00 kJ/mol  
16
11th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
57,110.00 kJ/mol  
3
12th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
63,410.00 kJ/mol  
9
13th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
70,110.00 kJ/mol  
3
14th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
78,890.00 kJ/mol  
4
15th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
86,310.00 kJ/mol  
11
16th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
94,000.00 kJ/mol  
6
17th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
104,900.00 kJ/mol  
7
18th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
111,711.00 kJ/mol  
8
19th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
0.75 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV  
19
2.87 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
84  
32
20  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
[Ar] 4s2  
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Calcium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
84  
32
20  
99+
Number of Neutrons
125  
20
20  
99+
Number of Electrons
84  
32
20  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm  
25
197.00 pm  
8
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm  
99+
176.00 pm  
24
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm  
36
231.00 pm  
23
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu  
28
40.08 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
29.90 cm3/mol  
10
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Bismuth
  
Potassium
  
Next Element
Francium
  
Scandium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
29.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm  
99+
558.84 pm  
10
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.46  
99+
1.55  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
1.55 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
1.38 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
20.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
26
0.00  
6
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
25.50 (Pa)  
3
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
24.00 GPa  
40
7.40 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa  
28
17.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa  
99+
20.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.23  
30
0.31  
13
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32  
99+
4.58  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
15
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
33.60 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.30 106/cm Ω  
6
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
2.37 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.63 J/(kg K)  
7
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
25.93 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
201.00 W/m·K  
5
Critical Temperature
527.00 K  
99+
1,115.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
22.30 µm/(m·K)  
20
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
8.54 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
184.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
41.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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