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Polonium vs Calcium

Polonium
Calcium
Calcium vs Polonium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Po   
Ca   
Group Number
16   
2
2   
16
Period Number
6   
4   
Block
p block   
s block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Alkaline Earth   
CAS Number
7440086   
99+
7440702   
21
Space Group Name
Pm-3m   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
221.00   
3
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
  • Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
  • It is found in the compound state.
  • Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals   
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie   
Humphry Davy   
Discovery
In 1898   
In 1808   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
7 * 10-3 %   
3
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.007 %   
4
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
1.10 %   
4
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available   
5.00 %   
3
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
5
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
1.40 %   
1
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
  • It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
  • Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry   
Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
60.50 Blood/mg dm-3   
4
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
170,000.00 p.p.m.   
1
Physical Properties
Melting Point
254.00 °C   
99+
839.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
962.00 °C   
99+
1,484.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Gray   
Luster
NA   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
1.75   
17
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
170.00 MPa   
99+
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
3,810.00 m/s   
19
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
Yes   
No   
α Allotropes
α-polonium   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
β-polonium   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Po   
Ca   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29   
10
19   
20
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00   
7
1.00   
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
0.95   
24
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76   
2
1.04   
34
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48   
1
1.08   
17
Allen Electronegativity
2.19   
2
1.03   
39
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00   
99+
3.00   
9
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol   
14
589.80 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
Not Available   
1,145.40 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
Not Available   
4,912.40 kJ/mol   
7
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
6,491.00 kJ/mol   
7
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
8,153.00 kJ/mol   
7
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
10,496.00 kJ/mol   
8
7th Energy level
Not Available   
12,270.00 kJ/mol   
12
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
14,206.00 kJ/mol   
15
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
18,191.00 kJ/mol   
12
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
20,385.00 kJ/mol   
16
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
57,110.00 kJ/mol   
3
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
63,410.00 kJ/mol   
3
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
70,110.00 kJ/mol   
3
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
78,890.00 kJ/mol   
4
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
86,310.00 kJ/mol   
5
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
94,000.00 kJ/mol   
6
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
104,900.00 kJ/mol   
7
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
111,711.00 kJ/mol   
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr   
8
0.75 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
2.87 eV   
38
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
84   
32
20   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4   
[Ar] 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Calcium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
84   
32
20   
99+
Number of Neutrons
125   
19
20   
99+
Number of Electrons
84   
32
20   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm   
23
197.00 pm   
6
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm   
99+
176.00 pm   
22
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm   
29
231.00 pm   
19
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu   
28
40.08 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol   
13
29.90 cm3/mol   
7
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Bismuth
  
Potassium
  
Next Element
Francium
  
Scandium
  
Valence Electron Potential
Not Available   
29.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm   
99+
558.84 pm   
9
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3   
99+
1.55 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3   
19
1.38 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
25.50 (Pa)   
3
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
7.40 GPa   
99+
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
17.00 GPa   
99+
Young's Modulus
Not Available   
20.00 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.31   
13
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32   
31
4.58   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m   
99+
33.60 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.30 106/cm Ω   
6
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol   
3
2.37 kJ/mol   
39
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
0.63 J/(kg K)   
7
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K   
28
25.93 J/mol·K   
34
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K   
99+
201.00 W/m·K   
5
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)   
16
22.30 µm/(m·K)   
19
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol   
99+
150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol   
26
8.54 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol   
99+
184.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
41.60 J/mol.K   
36
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