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Polonium Sodium Comparison

Polonium
Sodium
Sodium Polonium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Po  
-  
Group Number
16  
2
1  
17
Period Number
6  
3  
Block
p block  
s block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Alkali  
CAS Number
7440086  
99+
7440235  
99+
Space Group Name
Pm-3m  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
221.00  
4
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
  • At room temperature Sodium metal is very soft as it can be chopped down into pieces with butter knife.
  • The most common compound of Sodium is NaCl (Salt).
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals  
By Electrolysis Process, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Humphry Davy  
Discovery
In 1898  
In 1807  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
7
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
6
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.55 %  
6
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
2.30 %  
5
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
1.10 %  
1
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.14 %  
4
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
  • In some nuclear reactors sodium is used as a heat exchanger.
  • Compound of Sodium metals called Salt (Sodium chloride) is used in Food.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
1,970.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
1
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
10,000.00 p.p.m.  
2
Physical
Melting Point
254.00 °C  
99+
97.72 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
962.00 °C  
99+
883.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery White  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
0.50  
24
Brinell Hardness
70.00 MPa  
99+
0.69 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
30.00 MPa  
99+
0.69 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
3,200.00 m/s  
35
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.70  
3
1.33  
99+
Reflectivity
50.00 %  
31
53.00 %  
28
Allotropes
Yes  
No  
α Allotropes
α-polonium  
-  
β Allotropes
β-polonium  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Po  
-  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
17  
22
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00  
8
0.93  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.00  
10
0.56  
99+
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76  
3
1.01  
36
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48  
1
0.91  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
2.19  
2
0.87  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00  
99+
3.07  
6
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
4,562.00 kJ/mol  
4
3rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
6,910.30 kJ/mol  
6
4th Energy Level
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
9,543.00 kJ/mol  
5
5th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
13,354.00 kJ/mol  
4
6th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
16,613.00 kJ/mol  
4
7th Energy level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
20,117.00 kJ/mol  
4
8th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
25,496.00 kJ/mol  
4
9th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
28,932.00 kJ/mol  
4
10th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
141,362.00 kJ/mol  
2
11th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
159,076.00 kJ/mol  
2
12th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,950.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
4,950.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
49,500.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
49,500.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
4,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
496.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
495.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
496.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
0.86 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV  
19
2.75 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
84  
32
11  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
[Ne] 3s1  
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
84  
32
11  
99+
Number of Neutrons
125  
20
12  
99+
Number of Electrons
84  
32
11  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm  
25
186.00 pm  
11
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm  
99+
166.00 pm  
29
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm  
36
227.00 pm  
26
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu  
28
22.99 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
23.70 cm3/mol  
14
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Bismuth
  
Beryllium
  
Next Element
Francium
  
Magnesium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
14.10 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm  
99+
429.06 pm  
22
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.46  
99+
1.01  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
0.97 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
0.93 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
10.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
26
0.00  
5
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
24.00 GPa  
40
3.30 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa  
28
6.30 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa  
99+
10.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.23  
30
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32  
99+
0.97  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
15
0.00 H/m  
6
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
47.70 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.21 106/cm Ω  
9
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
52.80 kJ/mol  
24
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
1.23 J/(kg K)  
3
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
28.23 J/mol·K  
13
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
142.00 W/m·K  
11
Critical Temperature
527.00 K  
99+
2,573.00 K  
10
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
71.00 µm/(m·K)  
4
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
89.04 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
2.59 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
108.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
51.30 J/mol.K  
39
Summary >>
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