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Polonium vs Palladium

Polonium
Palladium
Palladium vs Polonium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Po  
Pd  
Group Number
16  
2
10  
8
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440086  
99+
7440053  
99+
Space Group Name
Pm-3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
221.00  
4
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals  
Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
William Hyde Wollaston  
Discovery
In 1898  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
24
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
254.00 °C  
99+
1,554.90 °C  
22
Boiling Point
962.00 °C  
99+
2,963.00 °C  
34
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silver  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
4.75  
9
Brinell Hardness
70.00 MPa  
99+
320.00 MPa  
40
Vickers Hardness
30.00 MPa  
99+
121.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
3,070.00 m/s  
38
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.70  
3
1.72  
25
Reflectivity
50.00 %  
31
84.00 %  
5
Allotropes
Yes  
No  
α Allotropes
α-polonium  
-  
β Allotropes
β-polonium  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Po  
Pd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
38  
1
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00  
8
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.00  
10
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76  
3
1.35  
22
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48  
1
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
2.19  
2
1.59  
25
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00  
99+
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
520.23 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
7,298.22 kJ/mol  
2
3rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
11,815.13 kJ/mol  
3
4th Energy Level
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
13
6th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
33
7th Energy level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
8th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
9th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
24
10th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
28
11th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
12th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
5,310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
80,400.00 kJ/mol  
16
16th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
804.40 kJ/mol  
33
18th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
8,045.00 kJ/mol  
22
19th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
804.40 kJ/mol  
30
20th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
804.00 kJ/mol  
23
21st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
804.00 kJ/mol  
18
23rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
804.40 kJ/mol  
14
25th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
26th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
27th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
804.40 kJ/mol  
11
28th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
804.40 kJ/mol  
17
29th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
804.40 kJ/mol  
16
30th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
804.00 kJ/mol  
12
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
1.99 g/amp-hr  
34
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV  
19
5.12 eV  
7
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
84  
32
46  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
[Kr] 4d10  
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
84  
32
46  
99+
Number of Neutrons
125  
20
60  
99+
Number of Electrons
84  
32
46  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm  
25
137.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm  
99+
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm  
36
163.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu  
28
106.42 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
8.90 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Bismuth
  
Rhodium
  
Next Element
Francium
  
Silver
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
33.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm  
99+
389.07 pm  
28
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.46  
99+
1.56  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
12.02 g/cm3  
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
10.38 g/cm3  
38
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
550.00 MPa  
8
Viscosity
0.00  
26
0.00  
14
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
29
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
24.00 GPa  
40
44.00 GPa  
17
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa  
28
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa  
99+
121.00 GPa  
18
Poisson Ratio
0.23  
30
0.39  
5
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32  
99+
12.02  
33
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
15
0.00 H/m  
18
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
27
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
105.40 nΩ·m  
29
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.10 106/cm Ω  
27
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
54.23 kJ/mol  
21
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
25.98 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
71.80 W/m·K  
23
Critical Temperature
527.00 K  
99+
1,825.00 K  
26
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
11.80 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
376.60 kJ/mol  
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
16.74 kJ/mol  
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
393.30 kJ/mol  
29
Standard Molar Entropy
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
37.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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