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Polonium vs Palladium

Polonium
Palladium
Palladium vs Polonium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Po   
Pd   
Group Number
16   
2
10   
8
Period Number
6   
5   
Block
p block   
d block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440086   
99+
7440053   
99+
Space Group Name
Pm-3m   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
221.00   
3
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals   
Ores of metals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie   
William Hyde Wollaston   
Discovery
In 1898   
In 1803   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.0000003 %   
24
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available   
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
99+
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
Not Available   
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
254.00 °C   
99+
1,554.90 °C   
22
Boiling Point
962.00 °C   
99+
2,963.00 °C   
33
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silver   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
4.75   
9
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
320.00 MPa   
33
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
121.00 MPa   
36
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
3,070.00 m/s   
26
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
Not Available   
1.72   
1
Reflectivity
Not Available   
84.00 %   
4
Allotropes
Yes   
No   
α Allotropes
α-polonium   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
β-polonium   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Po   
Pd   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29   
10
38   
1
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00   
7
2.20   
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76   
2
1.35   
21
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48   
1
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
2.19   
2
1.59   
22
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00   
99+
1.80   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol   
14
520.23 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
Not Available   
7,298.22 kJ/mol   
2
3rd Energy Level
Not Available   
11,815.13 kJ/mol   
3
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr   
8
1.99 g/amp-hr   
30
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
5.12 eV   
3
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
84   
32
46   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4   
[Kr] 4d10   
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
84   
32
46   
99+
Number of Neutrons
125   
19
60   
99+
Number of Electrons
84   
32
46   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm   
23
137.00 pm   
40
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm   
99+
139.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm   
29
163.00 pm   
40
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu   
28
106.42 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol   
13
8.90 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Bismuth
  
Rhodium
  
Next Element
Francium
  
Silver
  
Valence Electron Potential
Not Available   
33.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm   
99+
389.07 pm   
25
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3   
99+
12.02 g/cm3   
29
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3   
19
10.38 g/cm3   
17
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
27
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
44.00 GPa   
17
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
180.00 GPa   
9
Young's Modulus
Not Available   
121.00 GPa   
16
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.39   
5
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32   
31
12.02   
21
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m   
99+
105.40 nΩ·m   
29
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.10 106/cm Ω   
22
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol   
3
54.23 kJ/mol   
17
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
0.24 J/(kg K)   
23
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K   
28
25.98 J/mol·K   
33
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K   
99+
71.80 W/m·K   
23
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)   
16
11.80 µm/(m·K)   
33
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol   
99+
376.60 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol   
26
16.74 kJ/mol   
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol   
99+
393.30 kJ/mol   
22
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
37.60 J/mol.K   
40
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