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Palladium vs Polonium

Palladium
Polonium
Polonium vs Palladium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pd   
Po   
Group Number
10   
8
16   
2
Period Number
5   
6   
Block
d block   
p block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7440053   
99+
7440086   
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
Pm-3m   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
221.00   
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
Sources
Ores of metals   
Mining, Ores of metals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston   
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie   
Discovery
In 1803   
In 1898   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000003 %   
24
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
Not Available   
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
99+
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
NA   
Other Uses
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
Not Available   
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,554.90 °C   
22
254.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
2,963.00 °C   
33
962.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.75   
9
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
320.00 MPa   
33
Not Available   
Vickers Hardness
121.00 MPa   
36
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
3,070.00 m/s   
26
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.72   
1
Not Available   
Reflectivity
84.00 %   
4
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
Yes   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
α-polonium   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
β-polonium   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pd   
Po   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
38   
1
29   
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20   
4
2.00   
7
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.35   
21
1.76   
2
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.48   
1
Allen Electronegativity
1.59   
22
2.19   
2
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80   
99+
2.00   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
520.23 kJ/mol   
99+
812.10 kJ/mol   
14
2nd Energy Level
7,298.22 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
3rd Energy Level
11,815.13 kJ/mol   
3
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.99 g/amp-hr   
30
3.90 g/amp-hr   
8
Electron Work Function
5.12 eV   
3
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
46   
99+
84   
32
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Monoclinic (MON)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100   
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
46   
99+
84   
32
Number of Neutrons
60   
99+
125   
19
Number of Electrons
46   
99+
84   
32
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
137.00 pm   
40
168.00 pm   
23
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm   
99+
140.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm   
40
197.00 pm   
29
Atomic Weight
106.42 amu   
99+
209.00 amu   
28
Atomic Volume
8.90 cm3/mol   
99+
22.23 cm3/mol   
13
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Rhodium
  
Bismuth
  
Next Element
Silver
  
Francium
  
Valence Electron Potential
33.00 (-eV)   
99+
Not Available   
Lattice Constant
389.07 pm   
25
335.90 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.02 g/cm3   
29
9.20 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.38 g/cm3   
17
9.40 g/cm3   
19
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
27
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
30
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa   
17
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa   
9
Not Available   
Young's Modulus
121.00 GPa   
16
Not Available   
Poisson Ratio
0.39   
5
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.02   
21
9.32   
31
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Nonmagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
105.40 nΩ·m   
29
0.40 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω   
22
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
54.23 kJ/mol   
17
183.30 kJ/mol   
3
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)   
23
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.98 J/mol·K   
33
26.40 J/mol·K   
28
Thermal Conductivity
71.80 W/m·K   
23
20.00 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
11.80 µm/(m·K)   
33
23.50 µm/(m·K)   
16
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
376.60 kJ/mol   
19
60.30 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.74 kJ/mol   
18
13.00 kJ/mol   
26
Enthalpy of Atomization
393.30 kJ/mol   
22
134.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
37.60 J/mol.K   
40
Not Available   
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