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Palladium Polonium Comparison

Palladium
Polonium
Polonium Palladium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pd  
Po  
Group Number
10  
8
16  
2
Period Number
5  
6  
Block
d block  
p block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440053  
99+
7440086  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
Pm-3m  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
221.00  
4
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
Sources
Ores of metals  
Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston  
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Discovery
In 1803  
In 1898  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
24
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
-  
Other Uses
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,554.90 °C  
22
254.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,963.00 °C  
34
962.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.75  
9
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
320.00 MPa  
40
70.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
121.00 MPa  
99+
30.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,070.00 m/s  
38
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.72  
25
2.70  
3
Reflectivity
84.00 %  
5
50.00 %  
31
Allotropes
No  
Yes  
α Allotropes
-  
α-polonium  
β Allotropes
-  
β-polonium  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pd  
Po  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
38  
1
29  
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
5
2.00  
8
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
2.00  
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.35  
22
1.76  
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.20  
6
2.48  
1
Allen Electronegativity
1.59  
25
2.19  
2
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
2.00  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
520.23 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
2nd Energy Level
7,298.22 kJ/mol  
2
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
3rd Energy Level
11,815.13 kJ/mol  
3
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
5th Energy Level
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
13
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
6th Energy Level
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
33
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
7th Energy level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
8th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
9th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
24
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
10th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
28
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
11th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
12th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
14th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
15th Energy Level
80,400.00 kJ/mol  
16
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
16th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
17th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
33
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
18th Energy Level
8,045.00 kJ/mol  
22
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
19th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
30
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
20th Energy Level
804.00 kJ/mol  
23
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
21st Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
22nd Energy Level
804.00 kJ/mol  
18
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
23rd Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
14
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
25th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
26th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
27th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
11
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
28th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
17
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
29th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
16
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
30th Energy Level
804.00 kJ/mol  
12
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.99 g/amp-hr  
34
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
Electron Work Function
5.12 eV  
7
4.50 eV  
19
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
46  
99+
84  
32
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Monoclinic (MON)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100  
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
46  
99+
84  
32
Number of Neutrons
60  
99+
125  
20
Number of Electrons
46  
99+
84  
32
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
137.00 pm  
99+
168.00 pm  
25
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
140.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm  
99+
197.00 pm  
36
Atomic Weight
106.42 amu  
99+
209.00 amu  
28
Atomic Volume
8.90 cm3/mol  
99+
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Rhodium
  
Bismuth
  
Next Element
Silver
  
Francium
  
Valence Electron Potential
33.00 (-eV)  
99+
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
389.07 pm  
28
335.90 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.56  
99+
1.46  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.02 g/cm3  
31
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.38 g/cm3  
38
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
550.00 MPa  
8
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
14
0.00  
26
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
29
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa  
17
24.00 GPa  
40
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa  
9
46.00 GPa  
28
Young's Modulus
121.00 GPa  
18
46.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.39  
5
0.23  
30
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.02  
33
9.32  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Nonmagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
18
0.00 H/m  
15
Susceptibility
0.00  
27
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
105.40 nΩ·m  
29
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω  
27
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
54.23 kJ/mol  
21
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
25.98 J/mol·K  
99+
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
Thermal Conductivity
71.80 W/m·K  
23
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,825.00 K  
26
527.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
11.80 µm/(m·K)  
99+
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
376.60 kJ/mol  
28
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.74 kJ/mol  
18
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
Enthalpy of Atomization
393.30 kJ/mol  
29
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
37.60 J/mol.K  
99+
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
Summary >>
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