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Polonium vs Praseodymium

Polonium
Praseodymium
Praseodymium vs Polonium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Po  
Pr  
Group Number
16  
2
3  
15
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
p block  
f block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440086  
99+
7440100  
99+
Space Group Name
Pm-3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
221.00  
4
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
  • Praseodymium metal is synthetically produced metal.
  • Praseodymium is used as possible fuel for radioactive generators.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
-  
Discovery
In 1898  
In 1885  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
39
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
  • The main use of Praseodymium include alloys. Praseodymium –Magnesium alloy is used in aircraft engines due to its high strength.
  • This metal is also used while making a permanent magnets.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Moderately Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
33
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
254.00 °C  
99+
935.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
962.00 °C  
99+
3,130.00 °C  
28
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Grayish White  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
4.00  
11
Brinell Hardness
70.00 MPa  
99+
481.00 MPa  
29
Vickers Hardness
30.00 MPa  
99+
400.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
2,280.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.70  
3
1.64  
30
Reflectivity
50.00 %  
31
60.00 %  
23
Allotropes
Yes  
No  
α Allotropes
α-polonium  
-  
β Allotropes
β-polonium  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Po  
Pr  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
31  
8
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00  
8
1.13  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.00  
10
1.13  
36
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76  
3
1.07  
33
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48  
1
1.13  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
2.19  
2
1.13  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00  
99+
2.87  
12
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
1,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2,086.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
3,761.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
5,551.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
5,274.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
52,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
52,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
527.30 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
527.30 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
1.75 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV  
19
2.70 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
84  
32
59  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
[Xe] 4f3 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Praseodymium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
84  
32
59  
99+
Number of Neutrons
125  
20
82  
99+
Number of Electrons
84  
32
59  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm  
25
182.00 pm  
13
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm  
99+
203.00 pm  
9
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm  
36
239.00 pm  
18
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu  
28
140.91 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
20.80 cm3/mol  
25
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Bismuth
  
Cerium
  
Next Element
Francium
  
Neodymium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
42.64 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm  
99+
367.25 pm  
32
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.46  
99+
1.61  
18
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
6.77 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
6.50 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
55.00 MPa  
37
Viscosity
0.00  
26
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
27
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
13.20 (Pa)  
7
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
24.00 GPa  
40
14.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa  
28
28.80 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa  
99+
37.30 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.23  
30
0.28  
16
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32  
99+
6.77  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
15
0.00 H/m  
12
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
19
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
0.70 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.19 J/(kg K)  
33
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
27.20 J/mol·K  
24
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
12.50 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
527.00 K  
99+
1,208.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
6.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
296.80 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
6.89 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
368.00 kJ/mol  
33
Standard Molar Entropy
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
73.20 J/mol.K  
10
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