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Praseodymium vs Polonium

Praseodymium
Polonium
Polonium vs Praseodymium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pr  
Po  
Group Number
3  
15
16  
2
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
f block  
p block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440100  
99+
7440086  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Pm-3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
221.00  
4
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Praseodymium metal is synthetically produced metal.
  • Praseodymium is used as possible fuel for radioactive generators.
  
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Discovery
In 1885  
In 1898  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
40
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
39
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • The main use of Praseodymium include alloys. Praseodymium –Magnesium alloy is used in aircraft engines due to its high strength.
  • This metal is also used while making a permanent magnets.
  
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Moderately Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
33
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
935.00 °C  
99+
254.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,130.00 °C  
28
962.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Grayish White  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.00  
11
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
481.00 MPa  
29
70.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
400.00 MPa  
99+
30.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,280.00 m/s  
99+
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.64  
30
2.70  
3
Reflectivity
60.00 %  
23
50.00 %  
31
Allotropes
No  
Yes  
α Allotropes
-  
α-polonium  
β Allotropes
-  
β-polonium  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pr  
Po  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
31  
8
29  
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
2.00  
8
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.13  
36
2.00  
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07  
33
1.76  
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
2.48  
1
Allen Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
2.19  
2
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.87  
12
2.00  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
2nd Energy Level
1,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
3rd Energy Level
2,086.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,761.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
5th Energy Level
5,551.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
6th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
7th Energy level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
8th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
9th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
10th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
11th Energy Level
5,274.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
12th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
14th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
15th Energy Level
52,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
16th Energy Level
52,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
17th Energy Level
527.30 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
18th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
19th Energy Level
527.30 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
20th Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
21st Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
22nd Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
23rd Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
25th Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
26th Energy Level
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
27th Energy Level
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
28th Energy Level
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
29th Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
30th Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.75 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
Electron Work Function
2.70 eV  
99+
4.50 eV  
19
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
59  
99+
84  
32
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f3 6s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Monoclinic (MON)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Praseodymium.jpg#100  
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
59  
99+
84  
32
Number of Neutrons
82  
99+
125  
20
Number of Electrons
59  
99+
84  
32
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
182.00 pm  
13
168.00 pm  
25
Covalent Radius
203.00 pm  
9
140.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
239.00 pm  
18
197.00 pm  
36
Atomic Weight
140.91 amu  
99+
209.00 amu  
28
Atomic Volume
20.80 cm3/mol  
25
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Cerium
  
Bismuth
  
Next Element
Neodymium
  
Francium
  
Valence Electron Potential
42.64 (-eV)  
99+
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
367.25 pm  
32
335.90 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61  
18
1.46  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm3  
99+
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.50 g/cm3  
99+
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
55.00 MPa  
37
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
26
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
27
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
13.20 (Pa)  
7
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
14.80 GPa  
99+
24.00 GPa  
40
Bulk Modulus
28.80 GPa  
99+
46.00 GPa  
28
Young's Modulus
37.30 GPa  
99+
46.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.28  
16
0.23  
30
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.77  
99+
9.32  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Nonmagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
12
0.00 H/m  
15
Susceptibility
0.00  
19
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.70 nΩ·m  
99+
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)  
33
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
27.20 J/mol·K  
24
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
Thermal Conductivity
12.50 W/m·K  
99+
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,208.00 K  
99+
527.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
6.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
296.80 kJ/mol  
99+
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.89 kJ/mol  
99+
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
Enthalpy of Atomization
368.00 kJ/mol  
33
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
73.20 J/mol.K  
10
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
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