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Praseodymium vs Thallium

Praseodymium
Thallium
Thallium vs Praseodymium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pr  
Tl  
Group Number
3  
15
13  
5
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
f block  
p block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440100  
99+
7440280  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Praseodymium metal is synthetically produced metal.
  • Praseodymium is used as possible fuel for radioactive generators.
  
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
William Crookes  
Discovery
In 1885  
In 1861  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
33
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
39
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • The main use of Praseodymium include alloys. Praseodymium –Magnesium alloy is used in aircraft engines due to its high strength.
  • This metal is also used while making a permanent magnets.
  
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Moderately Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
33
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
Physical
Melting Point
935.00 °C  
99+
303.50 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,130.00 °C  
28
1,457.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Grayish White  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.00  
11
1.20  
21
Brinell Hardness
481.00 MPa  
29
26.50 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
400.00 MPa  
99+
120.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,280.00 m/s  
99+
818.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.64  
30
1.90  
18
Reflectivity
60.00 %  
23
8.00 %  
37
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pr  
Tl  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
31  
8
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
1.62  
22
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.13  
36
2.25  
6
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07  
33
1.44  
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
1.96  
11
Allen Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
1.79  
16
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.87  
12
2.38  
33
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
3rd Energy Level
2,086.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
4th Energy Level
3,761.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
5th Energy Level
5,551.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,274.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
15th Energy Level
52,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
52,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
17th Energy Level
527.30 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
527.30 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.75 g/amp-hr  
99+
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
Electron Work Function
2.70 eV  
99+
3.84 eV  
39
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
59  
99+
81  
35
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f3 6s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Praseodymium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
59  
99+
81  
35
Number of Neutrons
82  
99+
123  
21
Number of Electrons
59  
99+
81  
35
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
182.00 pm  
13
170.00 pm  
24
Covalent Radius
203.00 pm  
9
145.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
239.00 pm  
18
196.00 pm  
37
Atomic Weight
140.91 amu  
99+
204.38 amu  
31
Atomic Volume
20.80 cm3/mol  
25
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Cerium
  
Mercury
  
Next Element
Neodymium
  
Lead
  
Valence Electron Potential
42.64 (-eV)  
99+
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
367.25 pm  
32
345.66 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61  
18
1.60  
23
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm3  
99+
11.85 g/cm3  
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.50 g/cm3  
99+
11.22 g/cm3  
33
Tensile Strength
55.00 MPa  
37
47.00 MPa  
39
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
27
16.90 (Pa)  
5
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
13.20 (Pa)  
7
0.00 (Pa)  
38
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
14.80 GPa  
99+
2.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
28.80 GPa  
99+
43.00 GPa  
33
Young's Modulus
37.30 GPa  
99+
8.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.28  
16
0.45  
2
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Sectile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.77  
99+
11.85  
35
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
12
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
19
0.00  
28
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.70 nΩ·m  
99+
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)  
33
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
27.20 J/mol·K  
24
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
Thermal Conductivity
12.50 W/m·K  
99+
46.10 W/m·K  
33
Critical Temperature
1,208.00 K  
99+
577.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
6.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
296.80 kJ/mol  
99+
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.89 kJ/mol  
99+
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
368.00 kJ/mol  
33
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
73.20 J/mol.K  
10
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
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