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Thallium vs Praseodymium

Thallium
Praseodymium
Praseodymium vs Thallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl  
Pr  
Group Number
13  
5
3  
15
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
p block  
f block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440280  
99+
7440100  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • Praseodymium metal is synthetically produced metal.
  • Praseodymium is used as possible fuel for radioactive generators.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes  
-  
Discovery
In 1861  
In 1885  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
33
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
34
0.00 %  
39
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • The main use of Praseodymium include alloys. Praseodymium –Magnesium alloy is used in aircraft engines due to its high strength.
  • This metal is also used while making a permanent magnets.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Moderately Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
33
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
303.50 °C  
99+
935.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C  
99+
3,130.00 °C  
28
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Grayish White  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20  
21
4.00  
11
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa  
99+
481.00 MPa  
29
Vickers Hardness
120.00 MPa  
99+
400.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s  
99+
2,280.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.90  
18
1.64  
30
Reflectivity
8.00 %  
37
60.00 %  
23
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Tl  
Pr  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
31  
8
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62  
22
1.13  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25  
6
1.13  
36
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44  
18
1.07  
33
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96  
11
1.13  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
1.79  
16
1.13  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38  
33
2.87  
12
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
1,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
2,086.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
3,761.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,551.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,274.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
52,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
52,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
527.30 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
527.30 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
1.75 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV  
39
2.70 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
81  
35
59  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
[Xe] 4f3 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Praseodymium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81  
35
59  
99+
Number of Neutrons
123  
21
82  
99+
Number of Electrons
81  
35
59  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm  
24
182.00 pm  
13
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm  
99+
203.00 pm  
9
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm  
37
239.00 pm  
18
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu  
31
140.91 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
20.80 cm3/mol  
25
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Cerium
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Neodymium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
42.64 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm  
99+
367.25 pm  
32
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60  
23
1.61  
18
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3  
33
6.77 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3  
33
6.50 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
47.00 MPa  
39
55.00 MPa  
37
Viscosity
0.00  
22
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)  
5
0.00 (Pa)  
27
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
38
13.20 (Pa)  
7
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa  
99+
14.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa  
33
28.80 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa  
99+
37.30 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.45  
2
0.28  
16
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85  
35
6.77  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
12
Susceptibility
0.00  
28
0.00  
19
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
0.70 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.19 J/(kg K)  
33
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
27.20 J/mol·K  
24
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K  
33
12.50 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
577.00 K  
99+
1,208.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
6.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
296.80 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
6.89 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
368.00 kJ/mol  
33
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
73.20 J/mol.K  
10
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