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Polonium vs Rhodium

Polonium
Rhodium
Rhodium vs Polonium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Po  
Rh  
Group Number
16  
2
9  
9
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440086  
99+
7440166  
99+
Space Group Name
Pm-3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
221.00  
4
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
  • Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
  • Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals  
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
William Hyde Wollaston  
Discovery
In 1898  
In 1804  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.00 %  
36
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
  • Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
  • It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
254.00 °C  
99+
1,966.00 °C  
12
Boiling Point
962.00 °C  
99+
3,727.00 °C  
17
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery White  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
70.00 MPa  
99+
980.00 MPa  
10
Vickers Hardness
30.00 MPa  
99+
1,100.00 MPa  
15
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
4,700.00 m/s  
19
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.70  
3
2.40  
7
Reflectivity
50.00 %  
31
84.00 %  
5
Allotropes
Yes  
No  
α Allotropes
α-polonium  
-  
β Allotropes
β-polonium  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Po  
Rh  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
16  
23
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00  
8
2.28  
4
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.00  
10
2.28  
5
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76  
3
1.45  
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48  
1
2.28  
4
Allen Electronegativity
2.19  
2
1.56  
27
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00  
99+
1.72  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
719.70 kJ/mol  
29
2nd Energy Level
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
1,740.00 kJ/mol  
27
3rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2,997.00 kJ/mol  
27
4th Energy Level
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
11
5th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
26
6th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
40
7th Energy level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
35
8th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
3,480.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
33
11th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
12th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
27
14th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
21
15th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
71,900.00 kJ/mol  
23
16th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
71,900.00 kJ/mol  
18
17th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
719.70 kJ/mol  
39
18th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
29
19th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
719.70 kJ/mol  
36
20th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
719.00 kJ/mol  
30
21st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
719.70 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
719.00 kJ/mol  
24
23rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
719.70 kJ/mol  
23
25th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
719.00 kJ/mol  
23
26th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
719.70 kJ/mol  
23
27th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
719.70 kJ/mol  
22
28th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
719.70 kJ/mol  
28
29th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
719.70 kJ/mol  
29
30th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
719.00 kJ/mol  
23
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
1.28 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV  
19
4.98 eV  
10
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
84  
32
45  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
[Kr] 4d8 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Rhodium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
84  
32
45  
99+
Number of Neutrons
125  
20
58  
99+
Number of Electrons
84  
32
45  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm  
25
134.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm  
99+
142.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm  
36
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu  
28
102.91 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Bismuth
  
Ruthenium
  
Next Element
Francium
  
Palladium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
64.00 (-eV)  
22
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm  
99+
380.34 pm  
30
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.46  
99+
1.73  
7
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
12.41 g/cm3  
30
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
10.70 g/cm3  
35
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
951.00 MPa  
5
Viscosity
0.00  
26
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.02 (Pa)  
19
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
24.00 GPa  
40
150.00 GPa  
6
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa  
28
275.00 GPa  
5
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa  
99+
380.00 GPa  
5
Poisson Ratio
0.23  
30
0.26  
22
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32  
99+
12.41  
32
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
15
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
43.30 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.21 106/cm Ω  
8
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
109.70 kJ/mol  
8
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.24 J/(kg K)  
22
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
24.98 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
150.00 W/m·K  
9
Critical Temperature
527.00 K  
99+
2,237.00 K  
13
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
8.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
495.40 kJ/mol  
16
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
21.76 kJ/mol  
10
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
556.50 kJ/mol  
16
Standard Molar Entropy
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
31.50 J/mol.K  
99+
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