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Rhodium vs Polonium

Rhodium
Polonium
Polonium vs Rhodium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Rh  
Po  
Group Number
9  
9
16  
2
Period Number
5  
6  
Block
d block  
p block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440166  
99+
7440086  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
Pm-3m  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
221.00  
4
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
  • Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
  
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston  
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Discovery
In 1804  
In 1898  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
25
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
36
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
  • It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
  
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,966.00 °C  
12
254.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,727.00 °C  
17
962.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
980.00 MPa  
10
70.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,100.00 MPa  
15
30.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
4,700.00 m/s  
19
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.40  
7
2.70  
3
Reflectivity
84.00 %  
5
50.00 %  
31
Allotropes
No  
Yes  
α Allotropes
-  
α-polonium  
β Allotropes
-  
β-polonium  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Rh  
Po  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
16  
23
29  
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.28  
4
2.00  
8
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.28  
5
2.00  
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.45  
17
1.76  
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.28  
4
2.48  
1
Allen Electronegativity
1.56  
27
2.19  
2
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.72  
99+
2.00  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
29
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
2nd Energy Level
1,740.00 kJ/mol  
27
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
3rd Energy Level
2,997.00 kJ/mol  
27
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
11
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
5th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
26
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
6th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
40
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
7th Energy level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
35
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
8th Energy Level
3,480.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
9th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
10th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
33
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
11th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
12th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
27
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
14th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
21
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
15th Energy Level
71,900.00 kJ/mol  
23
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
16th Energy Level
71,900.00 kJ/mol  
18
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
17th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
39
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
18th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
29
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
19th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
36
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
20th Energy Level
719.00 kJ/mol  
30
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
21st Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
22nd Energy Level
719.00 kJ/mol  
24
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
23rd Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
23
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
25th Energy Level
719.00 kJ/mol  
23
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
26th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
23
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
27th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
22
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
28th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
28
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
29th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
29
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
30th Energy Level
719.00 kJ/mol  
23
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.28 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
Electron Work Function
4.98 eV  
10
4.50 eV  
19
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
45  
99+
84  
32
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d8 5s1  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Monoclinic (MON)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Rhodium.jpg#100  
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
45  
99+
84  
32
Number of Neutrons
58  
99+
125  
20
Number of Electrons
45  
99+
84  
32
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
168.00 pm  
25
Covalent Radius
142.00 pm  
99+
140.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
197.00 pm  
36
Atomic Weight
102.91 amu  
99+
209.00 amu  
28
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Ruthenium
  
Bismuth
  
Next Element
Palladium
  
Francium
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)  
22
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
380.34 pm  
30
335.90 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.73  
7
1.46  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.41 g/cm3  
30
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.70 g/cm3  
35
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
951.00 MPa  
5
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
26
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.02 (Pa)  
19
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
150.00 GPa  
6
24.00 GPa  
40
Bulk Modulus
275.00 GPa  
5
46.00 GPa  
28
Young's Modulus
380.00 GPa  
5
46.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.26  
22
0.23  
30
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.41  
32
9.32  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Nonmagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
15
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
43.30 nΩ·m  
99+
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.21 106/cm Ω  
8
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
109.70 kJ/mol  
8
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
22
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
24.98 J/mol·K  
99+
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
Thermal Conductivity
150.00 W/m·K  
9
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,237.00 K  
13
527.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
8.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
495.40 kJ/mol  
16
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
21.76 kJ/mol  
10
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
Enthalpy of Atomization
556.50 kJ/mol  
16
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
31.50 J/mol.K  
99+
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
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