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Polonium vs Vanadium

Polonium
Vanadium
Vanadium vs Polonium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Po   
V   
Group Number
16   
2
5   
13
Period Number
6   
4   
Block
p block   
d block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440086   
99+
7440622   
27
Space Group Name
Pm-3m   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
221.00   
3
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
  • Vanadium is a highly reactive metal, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Vanadium can be found in almost 65 different types of minerals.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals   
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie   
Andrés Manuel del Río   
Discovery
In 1898   
In 1801   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
1 * 10-4 %   
10
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.00004 %   
13
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
0.01 %   
14
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available   
0.02 %   
12
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
14
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
16
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
  • Its ally with steel is used very tough and hence it is used in armor plates, axles, piston rods, tools and crankshafts.
  • Its oxide is used as pigments for glass and ceramics.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
36
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
0.00 p.p.m.   
31
Physical Properties
Melting Point
254.00 °C   
99+
1,890.00 °C   
13
Boiling Point
962.00 °C   
99+
3,380.00 °C   
20
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Blue-Silver Grey   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
6.70   
4
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
600.00 MPa   
20
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
628.00 MPa   
17
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
4,560.00 m/s   
17
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
61.00 %   
14
Allotropes
Yes   
No   
α Allotropes
α-polonium   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
β-polonium   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Po   
V   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29   
10
22   
17
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00   
7
1.63   
20
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.39   
17
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76   
2
1.45   
16
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48   
1
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
2.19   
2
1.53   
26
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00   
99+
2.37   
34
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol   
14
650.90 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
Not Available   
1,414.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
Not Available   
2,830.00 kJ/mol   
35
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
4,507.00 kJ/mol   
25
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
6,298.70 kJ/mol   
23
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
12,363.00 kJ/mol   
5
7th Energy level
Not Available   
14,530.00 kJ/mol   
5
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
16,730.00 kJ/mol   
7
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
19,860.00 kJ/mol   
7
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
22,240.00 kJ/mol   
12
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
24,670.00 kJ/mol   
15
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
29,730.00 kJ/mol   
12
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
32,446.00 kJ/mol   
12
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
86,450.00 kJ/mol   
1
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
94,170.00 kJ/mol   
2
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
102,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
112,700.00 kJ/mol   
4
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
121,600.00 kJ/mol   
5
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
130,700.00 kJ/mol   
6
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
143,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
151,440.00 kJ/mol   
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr   
8
0.38 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
4.30 eV   
18
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
84   
32
23   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4   
[Ar] 3d3 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
84   
32
23   
99+
Number of Neutrons
125   
19
28   
99+
Number of Electrons
84   
32
23   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm   
23
134.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm   
99+
153.00 pm   
33
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm   
29
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu   
28
50.94 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol   
13
8.78 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Bismuth
  
Titanium
  
Next Element
Francium
  
Chromium
  
Valence Electron Potential
Not Available   
120.00 (-eV)   
6
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm   
99+
303.00 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3   
99+
6.00 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3   
19
5.50 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
800.00 MPa   
6
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.23 (Pa)   
16
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
47.00 GPa   
16
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
160.00 GPa   
11
Young's Modulus
Not Available   
128.00 GPa   
15
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.37   
7
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32   
31
5.96   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Superconductor   
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m   
99+
197.00 nΩ·m   
19
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.05 106/cm Ω   
35
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol   
3
50.60 kJ/mol   
20
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
0.49 J/(kg K)   
10
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K   
28
24.89 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K   
99+
30.70 W/m·K   
39
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)   
16
8.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol   
99+
458.60 kJ/mol   
14
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol   
26
17.57 kJ/mol   
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol   
99+
514.60 kJ/mol   
13
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
28.90 J/mol.K   
99+
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