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Praseodymium vs Niobium

Praseodymium
Niobium
Niobium vs Praseodymium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pr  
Nb  
Group Number
3  
15
5  
13
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440100  
99+
7440031  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Praseodymium metal is synthetically produced metal.
  • Praseodymium is used as possible fuel for radioactive generators.
  
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
Charles Hatchett  
Discovery
In 1885  
In 1801  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
35
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
39
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • The main use of Praseodymium include alloys. Praseodymium –Magnesium alloy is used in aircraft engines due to its high strength.
  • This metal is also used while making a permanent magnets.
  
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Moderately Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
33
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
25
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.07 p.p.m.  
30
Physical
Melting Point
935.00 °C  
99+
2,468.00 °C  
6
Boiling Point
3,130.00 °C  
28
2,468.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Grayish White  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.00  
11
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
481.00 MPa  
29
735.00 MPa  
15
Vickers Hardness
400.00 MPa  
99+
870.00 MPa  
19
Speed of Sound
2,280.00 m/s  
99+
3,480.00 m/s  
31
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.64  
30
2.30  
8
Reflectivity
60.00 %  
23
70.00 %  
13
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pr  
Nb  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
31  
8
17  
22
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
1.60  
24
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.13  
36
1.42  
20
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07  
33
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
1.60  
22
Allen Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
1.41  
35
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.87  
12
2.40  
31
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,086.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,416.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,761.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,551.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,877.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9,847.00 kJ/mol  
17
7th Energy level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12,100.00 kJ/mol  
14
8th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,274.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
691.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
52,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
65,200.00 kJ/mol  
35
16th Energy Level
52,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
527.30 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
37
19th Energy Level
527.30 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.00 kJ/mol  
38
21st Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
694.00 kJ/mol  
30
23rd Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,490.00 kJ/mol  
30
24th Energy Level
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
33
25th Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
26th Energy Level
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
34
27th Energy Level
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
28th Energy Level
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
40
29th Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.00 kJ/mol  
37
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.75 g/amp-hr  
99+
0.69 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
2.70 eV  
99+
4.30 eV  
25
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
59  
99+
41  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f3 6s2  
[Kr] 4d4 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Praseodymium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
59  
99+
41  
99+
Number of Neutrons
82  
99+
52  
99+
Number of Electrons
59  
99+
41  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
182.00 pm  
13
146.00 pm  
37
Covalent Radius
203.00 pm  
9
164.00 pm  
30
Van der Waals Radius
239.00 pm  
18
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
140.91 amu  
99+
92.91 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
20.80 cm3/mol  
25
10.87 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Cerium
  
Zirconium
  
Next Element
Neodymium
  
Molybdenum
  
Valence Electron Potential
42.64 (-eV)  
99+
104.00 (-eV)  
8
Lattice Constant
367.25 pm  
32
330.04 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61  
18
1.47  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm3  
99+
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.50 g/cm3  
99+
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
55.00 MPa  
37
330.00 MPa  
14
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
27
0.00 (Pa)  
16
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
13.20 (Pa)  
7
0.00 (Pa)  
36
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
14.80 GPa  
99+
38.00 GPa  
20
Bulk Modulus
28.80 GPa  
99+
170.00 GPa  
10
Young's Modulus
37.30 GPa  
99+
105.00 GPa  
22
Poisson Ratio
0.28  
16
0.40  
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.77  
99+
8.57  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
12
0.00 H/m  
4
Susceptibility
0.00  
19
0.00  
30
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.70 nΩ·m  
99+
152.00 nΩ·m  
23
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω  
33
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
86.10 kJ/mol  
14
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)  
33
0.26 J/(kg K)  
20
Molar Heat Capacity
27.20 J/mol·K  
24
24.60 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
12.50 W/m·K  
99+
53.70 W/m·K  
29
Critical Temperature
1,208.00 K  
99+
2,750.00 K  
7
Thermal Expansion
6.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
7.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
296.80 kJ/mol  
99+
696.60 kJ/mol  
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.89 kJ/mol  
99+
27.20 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Atomization
368.00 kJ/mol  
33
745.00 kJ/mol  
4
Standard Molar Entropy
73.20 J/mol.K  
10
36.40 J/mol.K  
99+
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