Praseodymium vs Niobium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Pr
Nb
Group Number
Not Available
5
13
Period Number
6
5
Block
f block
d block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440100
99+
7440031
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Im_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
229.00
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Praseodymium metal is synthetically produced metal.
- Praseodymium is used as possible fuel for radioactive generators.
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Not Available
Charles Hatchett
Discovery
In 1885
In 1801
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %
22
2 * 10-7 %
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~0.0000004 %
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
40
0.00 %
35
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
27
0.00 %
25
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
39
0.00 %
34
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- The main use of Praseodymium include alloys. Praseodymium –Magnesium alloy is used in aircraft engines due to its high strength.
- This metal is also used while making a permanent magnets.
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Moderately Toxic
Low Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
25
In Bone
Not Available
0.07 p.p.m.
25
Physical Properties
Melting Point
935.00 °C
99+
2,468.00 °C
6
Boiling Point
3,130.00 °C
27
2,468.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Grayish White
Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
6.00
6
Brinell Hardness
481.00 MPa
24
735.00 MPa
14
Vickers Hardness
400.00 MPa
25
870.00 MPa
12
Speed of Sound
2,280.00 m/s
40
3,480.00 m/s
21
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pr
Nb
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
31
8
17
22
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.13
99+
1.60
23
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
1.42
16
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07
32
1.23
25
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
1.41
31
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.87
12
2.40
31
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol
99+
652.10 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,020.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,380.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,086.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,416.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
3,761.00 kJ/mol
99+
3,700.00 kJ/mol
99+
5th Energy Level
5,551.00 kJ/mol
29
4,877.00 kJ/mol
36
6th Energy Level
Not Available
9,847.00 kJ/mol
11
7th Energy level
Not Available
12,100.00 kJ/mol
14
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.75 g/amp-hr
40
0.69 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
2.70 eV
99+
4.30 eV
18
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
59
99+
41
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f3 6s2
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Praseodymium.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
59
99+
41
99+
Number of Neutrons
82
99+
52
99+
Number of Electrons
59
99+
41
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
182.00 pm
11
146.00 pm
35
Covalent Radius
203.00 pm
9
164.00 pm
28
Van der Waals Radius
239.00 pm
14
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
140.91 amu
99+
92.91 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
20.80 cm3/mol
15
10.87 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
42.64 (-eV)
99+
104.00 (-eV)
8
Lattice Constant
367.25 pm
29
330.04 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61
4
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm3
99+
8.57 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.50 g/cm3
39
Not Available
Tensile Strength
Not Available
330.00 MPa
12
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
25
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
13.20 (Pa)
7
0.00 (Pa)
27
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
14.80 GPa
39
38.00 GPa
19
Bulk Modulus
28.80 GPa
40
170.00 GPa
10
Young's Modulus
37.30 GPa
99+
105.00 GPa
20
Poisson Ratio
0.28
16
0.40
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
6.77
99+
8.57
37
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
0.70 nΩ·m
99+
152.00 nΩ·m
23
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω
28
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
86.10 kJ/mol
12
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)
32
0.26 J/(kg K)
20
Molar Heat Capacity
27.20 J/mol·K
18
24.60 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
12.50 W/m·K
99+
53.70 W/m·K
29
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
6.70 µm/(m·K)
99+
7.30 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
296.80 kJ/mol
29
696.60 kJ/mol
4
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.89 kJ/mol
99+
27.20 kJ/mol
6
Enthalpy of Atomization
368.00 kJ/mol
24
745.00 kJ/mol
4
Standard Molar Entropy
73.20 J/mol.K
10
36.40 J/mol.K
99+
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