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Praseodymium vs Palladium

Praseodymium
Palladium
Palladium vs Praseodymium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pr  
Pd  
Group Number
3  
15
10  
8
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440100  
99+
7440053  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Praseodymium metal is synthetically produced metal.
  • Praseodymium is used as possible fuel for radioactive generators.
  
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
William Hyde Wollaston  
Discovery
In 1885  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
24
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
39
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • The main use of Praseodymium include alloys. Praseodymium –Magnesium alloy is used in aircraft engines due to its high strength.
  • This metal is also used while making a permanent magnets.
  
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Moderately Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
33
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
935.00 °C  
99+
1,554.90 °C  
22
Boiling Point
3,130.00 °C  
28
2,963.00 °C  
34
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Grayish White  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.00  
11
4.75  
9
Brinell Hardness
481.00 MPa  
29
320.00 MPa  
40
Vickers Hardness
400.00 MPa  
99+
121.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,280.00 m/s  
99+
3,070.00 m/s  
38
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.64  
30
1.72  
25
Reflectivity
60.00 %  
23
84.00 %  
5
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pr  
Pd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
31  
8
38  
1
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.13  
36
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07  
33
1.35  
22
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
1.59  
25
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.87  
12
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
520.23 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,298.22 kJ/mol  
2
3rd Energy Level
2,086.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11,815.13 kJ/mol  
3
4th Energy Level
3,761.00 kJ/mol  
99+
870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,551.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
13
6th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
33
7th Energy level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
8th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
9th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
24
10th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
28
11th Energy Level
5,274.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
12th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
52,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
80,400.00 kJ/mol  
16
16th Energy Level
52,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
527.30 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
33
18th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,045.00 kJ/mol  
22
19th Energy Level
527.30 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
30
20th Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.00 kJ/mol  
23
21st Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.00 kJ/mol  
18
23rd Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
14
25th Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
26th Energy Level
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
27th Energy Level
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
11
28th Energy Level
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
17
29th Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
16
30th Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.00 kJ/mol  
12
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.75 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.99 g/amp-hr  
34
Electron Work Function
2.70 eV  
99+
5.12 eV  
7
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
59  
99+
46  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f3 6s2  
[Kr] 4d10  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Praseodymium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
59  
99+
46  
99+
Number of Neutrons
82  
99+
60  
99+
Number of Electrons
59  
99+
46  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
182.00 pm  
13
137.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
203.00 pm  
9
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
239.00 pm  
18
163.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
140.91 amu  
99+
106.42 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
20.80 cm3/mol  
25
8.90 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Cerium
  
Rhodium
  
Next Element
Neodymium
  
Silver
  
Valence Electron Potential
42.64 (-eV)  
99+
33.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
367.25 pm  
32
389.07 pm  
28
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61  
18
1.56  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm3  
99+
12.02 g/cm3  
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.50 g/cm3  
99+
10.38 g/cm3  
38
Tensile Strength
55.00 MPa  
37
550.00 MPa  
8
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
14
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
27
0.00 (Pa)  
29
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
13.20 (Pa)  
7
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
14.80 GPa  
99+
44.00 GPa  
17
Bulk Modulus
28.80 GPa  
99+
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
37.30 GPa  
99+
121.00 GPa  
18
Poisson Ratio
0.28  
16
0.39  
5
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.77  
99+
12.02  
33
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
12
0.00 H/m  
18
Susceptibility
0.00  
19
0.00  
27
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.70 nΩ·m  
99+
105.40 nΩ·m  
29
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.10 106/cm Ω  
27
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
54.23 kJ/mol  
21
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)  
33
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
Molar Heat Capacity
27.20 J/mol·K  
24
25.98 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
12.50 W/m·K  
99+
71.80 W/m·K  
23
Critical Temperature
1,208.00 K  
99+
1,825.00 K  
26
Thermal Expansion
6.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
11.80 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
296.80 kJ/mol  
99+
376.60 kJ/mol  
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.89 kJ/mol  
99+
16.74 kJ/mol  
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
368.00 kJ/mol  
33
393.30 kJ/mol  
29
Standard Molar Entropy
73.20 J/mol.K  
10
37.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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