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Praseodymium vs Rutherfordium

Praseodymium
Rutherfordium
Rutherfordium vs Praseodymium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pr  
Rf  
Group Number
3  
15
4  
14
Period Number
6  
7  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440100  
99+
53850365  
13
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
-  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
166.00  
9
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Praseodymium metal is synthetically produced metal.
  • Praseodymium is used as possible fuel for radioactive generators.
  
  • Rutherfordium does not occur in nature as it is a synthetic element.
  • Till date Rutherfordium metal has 15 radioisotopes created synthetically.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Bombarding Plutonium with Accelerated 113 to 115 MeV Neon Ions, Synthetically Produced  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research  
Discovery
In 1885  
In 1964  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
40
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
27
-  
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
39
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
-  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • The main use of Praseodymium include alloys. Praseodymium –Magnesium alloy is used in aircraft engines due to its high strength.
  • This metal is also used while making a permanent magnets.
  
  • Currently known uses of Rutherfordium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Moderately Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
33
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
935.00 °C  
99+
2,100.00 °C  
11
Boiling Point
3,130.00 °C  
28
5,500.00 °C  
3
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Grayish White  
-  
Luster
Metallic  
Unknown Luster  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.00  
11
-  
Brinell Hardness
481.00 MPa  
29
1,300.00 MPa  
9
Vickers Hardness
400.00 MPa  
99+
550.00 MPa  
31
Speed of Sound
2,280.00 m/s  
99+
6,100.00 m/s  
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.64  
30
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
60.00 %  
23
65.00 %  
18
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pr  
Rf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
31  
8
13  
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
0.00  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.13  
36
1.90  
13
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07  
33
1.30  
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
0.90  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.87  
12
2.20  
39
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,389.40 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,086.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,296.40 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,761.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,077.90 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,551.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,790.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11,600.00 kJ/mol  
7
7th Energy level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,274.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
52,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
52,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
527.30 kJ/mol  
99+
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
527.30 kJ/mol  
99+
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
22nd Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
579.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
24th Energy Level
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
579.10 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
14
29th Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
580.60 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.75 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.00 g/amp-hr  
21
Electron Work Function
2.70 eV  
99+
6.00 eV  
1
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
59  
99+
104  
14
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f3 6s2  
[Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Praseodymium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
59  
99+
104  
14
Number of Neutrons
82  
99+
157  
8
Number of Electrons
59  
99+
104  
14
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
182.00 pm  
13
150.00 pm  
35
Covalent Radius
203.00 pm  
9
157.00 pm  
33
Van der Waals Radius
239.00 pm  
18
250.00 pm  
10
Atomic Weight
140.91 amu  
99+
267.00 amu  
11
Atomic Volume
20.80 cm3/mol  
25
23.20 cm3/mol  
15
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Cerium
  
Lawrencium
  
Next Element
Neodymium
  
Dubnium
  
Valence Electron Potential
42.64 (-eV)  
99+
6.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
367.25 pm  
32
-  
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61  
18
1.60  
22
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm3  
99+
23.20 g/cm3  
8
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.50 g/cm3  
99+
23.20 g/cm3  
9
Tensile Strength
55.00 MPa  
37
23.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
27
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
13.20 (Pa)  
7
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
14.80 GPa  
99+
23.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
28.80 GPa  
99+
0.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
37.30 GPa  
99+
12.80 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.28  
16
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.77  
99+
23.00  
10
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
-  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
12
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
19
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
0.70 nΩ·m  
99+
0.29 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)  
33
0.27 J/(kg K)  
19
Molar Heat Capacity
27.20 J/mol·K  
24
23.20 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
12.50 W/m·K  
99+
0.23 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,208.00 K  
99+
2,400.00 K  
12
Thermal Expansion
6.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
23.20 µm/(m·K)  
17
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
296.80 kJ/mol  
99+
580.00 kJ/mol  
12
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.89 kJ/mol  
99+
-  
Enthalpy of Atomization
368.00 kJ/mol  
33
580.00 kJ/mol  
14
Standard Molar Entropy
73.20 J/mol.K  
10
57.60 J/mol.K  
28
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