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Promethium Gold Comparison

Promethium
Gold
Gold Promethium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pm  
Au  
Group Number
3  
15
11  
7
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440122  
99+
7440575  
31
Space Group Name
-  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
  • It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
  • It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
  • Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe  
-  
Discovery
In 1942  
Before 6000 BCE  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
21
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
  • Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
  • It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
38
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.02 p.p.m.  
35
Physical
Melting Point
1,042.00 °C  
99+
1,064.43 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,000.00 °C  
32
2,807.00 °C  
37
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
-  
Gold  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
-  
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
400.00 MPa  
34
194.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
600.00 MPa  
28
216.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
2,030.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.70  
27
0.47  
99+
Reflectivity
63.00 %  
20
95.00 %  
2
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pm  
Au  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
27  
12
36  
3
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
2.54  
2
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.13  
36
1.50  
18
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07  
33
1.42  
19
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
1.87  
15
Allen Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
1.92  
7
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.20  
39
1.46  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,980.00 kJ/mol  
12
3rd Energy Level
2,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,856.00 kJ/mol  
33
4th Energy Level
3,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
6
6th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
24
7th Energy level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
21
8th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
20
9th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
20
10th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
21
11th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
19
12th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
39
13th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
14
14th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
89,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
16th Energy Level
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
540.50 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
25
18th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
14
19th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
23
20th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
890.00 kJ/mol  
13
21st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
35
22nd Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
890.00 kJ/mol  
11
23rd Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
38
24th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
6
25th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
890.00 kJ/mol  
5
26th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
5
27th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
4
28th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
7
29th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
30th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
5
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.80 g/amp-hr  
40
2.45 g/amp-hr  
25
Electron Work Function
5.30 eV  
5
5.10 eV  
8
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
61  
99+
79  
37
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f5 6s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
61  
99+
79  
37
Number of Neutrons
84  
99+
118  
24
Number of Electrons
61  
99+
79  
37
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
183.00 pm  
12
151.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
199.00 pm  
12
144.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
236.00 pm  
20
166.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
145.00 amu  
99+
196.97 amu  
33
Atomic Volume
22.39 cm3/mol  
21
10.20 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Neodymium
  
Platinum
  
Next Element
Samarium
  
Mercury
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.10 (-eV)  
40
43.40 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
-  
407.82 pm  
24
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.63  
14
1.61  
18
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.26 g/cm3  
99+
19.30 g/cm3  
15
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.26 g/cm3  
99+
17.31 g/cm3  
16
Tensile Strength
75.00 MPa  
30
120.00 MPa  
27
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
31
67.00 (Pa)  
4
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa  
99+
27.00 GPa  
34
Bulk Modulus
33.00 GPa  
99+
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa  
99+
79.00 GPa  
26
Poisson Ratio
0.28  
17
0.40  
4
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.26  
99+
19.32  
17
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
11
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
25
0.00  
22
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.75 nΩ·m  
99+
2.20 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.45 106/cm Ω  
3
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
222.80 kJ/mol  
1
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)  
34
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
27.60 J/mol·K  
20
25.42 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
17.90 W/m·K  
99+
318.00 W/m·K  
3
Critical Temperature
1,315.00 K  
99+
1,337.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
9.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
14.20 µm/(m·K)  
29
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
289.00 kJ/mol  
99+
324.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.50 kJ/mol  
99+
12.55 kJ/mol  
33
Enthalpy of Atomization
310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
364.00 kJ/mol  
34
Standard Molar Entropy
57.00 J/mol.K  
30
47.40 J/mol.K  
99+
Summary >>
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