Promethium vs Rubidium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Pm
Rb
Group Number
Not Available
1
17
Period Number
6
5
Block
f block
s block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Alkali
CAS Number
7440122
99+
7440177
99+
Space Group Name
Not Available
Im_ 3m
Space Group Number
Not Available
229.00
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
- Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
- Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
- Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Obtained from Lithium Production.
History
Who Discovered
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff
Discovery
In 1942
In 1861
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
Not Available
1 * 10-6 %
16
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %
~0.000003 %
17
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available
0.00 %
19
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available
0.01 %
18
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available
0.00 %
7
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
7
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
- Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
- Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
- Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
Industrial Uses
NA
NA
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
NA
Alloys, Research Purposes
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
37
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3
7
In Bone
Not Available
5.00 p.p.m.
13
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,042.00 °C
99+
38.89 °C
99+
Boiling Point
3,000.00 °C
31
688.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Unknown
Grayish White
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
0.30
24
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
0.22 MPa
99+
Speed of Sound
Not Available
1,300.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pm
Rb
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
27
12
29
10
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
Not Available
0.82
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
0.31
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07
32
0.89
40
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
0.69
24
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
0.71
99+
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
Not Available
3.18
3
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol
99+
403.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,633.00 kJ/mol
6
3rd Energy Level
2,150.00 kJ/mol
99+
3,860.00 kJ/mol
11
4th Energy Level
3,970.00 kJ/mol
38
5,080.00 kJ/mol
18
5th Energy Level
Not Available
6,850.00 kJ/mol
19
6th Energy Level
Not Available
8,140.00 kJ/mol
20
7th Energy level
Not Available
9,570.00 kJ/mol
20
8th Energy Level
Not Available
13,120.00 kJ/mol
17
9th Energy Level
Not Available
14,500.00 kJ/mol
18
10th Energy Level
Not Available
26,740.00 kJ/mol
6
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.80 g/amp-hr
36
3.19 g/amp-hr
14
Electron Work Function
Not Available
2.16 eV
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
61
99+
37
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f5 6s2
[Kr] 5s1
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
61
99+
37
99+
Number of Neutrons
84
40
48
99+
Number of Electrons
61
99+
37
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
183.00 pm
10
248.00 pm
2
Covalent Radius
199.00 pm
12
220.00 pm
4
Van der Waals Radius
236.00 pm
16
303.00 pm
3
Atomic Weight
145.00 amu
99+
85.47 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
22.39 cm3/mol
12
55.90 cm3/mol
2
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
44.10 (-eV)
39
9.47 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
Not Available
558.50 pm
10
Lattice Angles
Unknown
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
7.26 g/cm3
99+
1.53 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
1.46 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa
36
Not Available
Bulk Modulus
33.00 GPa
36
2.50 GPa
99+
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa
38
2.40 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.28
17
Not Available
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
7.26
99+
1.53
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
0.75 nΩ·m
99+
128.00 nΩ·m
26
Electrical Conductivity
Not Available
0.08 106/cm Ω
24
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
46.90 kJ/mol
24
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)
33
0.36 J/(kg K)
17
Molar Heat Capacity
Not Available
31.06 J/mol·K
5
Thermal Conductivity
17.90 W/m·K
99+
58.20 W/m·K
26
Critical Temperature
Not Available
2,093.00 K
4
Thermal Expansion
9.00 µm/(m·K)
99+
90.00 µm/(m·K)
2
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available
69.20 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.50 kJ/mol
99+
2.19 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
310.00 kJ/mol
34
82.00 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available
76.80 J/mol.K
5
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