Rubidium vs Promethium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Rb
Pm
Group Number
1
17
Not Available
Period Number
5
6
Block
s block
f block
Element Family
Alkali
Lanthanide
CAS Number
7440177
99+
7440122
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
Not Available
Space Group Number
229.00
1
Not Available
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
- Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
- Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
- Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
Sources
Obtained from Lithium Production.
Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe
Discovery
In 1861
In 1942
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %
16
Not Available
Abundance In Sun
~0.000003 %
17
~-9999 %
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
19
Not Available
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %
18
Not Available
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
7
Not Available
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
7
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
- Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
- It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
- Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
Industrial Uses
NA
NA
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Research Purposes
NA
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3
7
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
37
In Bone
5.00 p.p.m.
13
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
38.89 °C
99+
1,042.00 °C
99+
Boiling Point
688.00 °C
99+
3,000.00 °C
31
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Grayish White
Unknown
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
0.30
24
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
0.22 MPa
99+
Not Available
Speed of Sound
1,300.00 m/s
99+
Not Available
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Rb
Pm
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
29
10
27
12
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
0.82
99+
Not Available
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.31
32
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.89
40
1.07
32
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.69
24
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
0.71
99+
Not Available
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
3.18
3
Not Available
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol
99+
540.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
2,633.00 kJ/mol
6
1,050.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,860.00 kJ/mol
11
2,150.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
5,080.00 kJ/mol
18
3,970.00 kJ/mol
38
5th Energy Level
6,850.00 kJ/mol
19
Not Available
6th Energy Level
8,140.00 kJ/mol
20
Not Available
7th Energy level
9,570.00 kJ/mol
20
Not Available
8th Energy Level
13,120.00 kJ/mol
17
Not Available
9th Energy Level
14,500.00 kJ/mol
18
Not Available
10th Energy Level
26,740.00 kJ/mol
6
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.19 g/amp-hr
14
1.80 g/amp-hr
36
Electron Work Function
2.16 eV
99+
Not Available
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
37
99+
61
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 5s1
[Xe] 4f5 6s2
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
37
99+
61
99+
Number of Neutrons
48
99+
84
40
Number of Electrons
37
99+
61
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
248.00 pm
2
183.00 pm
10
Covalent Radius
220.00 pm
4
199.00 pm
12
Van der Waals Radius
303.00 pm
3
236.00 pm
16
Atomic Weight
85.47 amu
99+
145.00 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
55.90 cm3/mol
2
22.39 cm3/mol
12
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
9.47 (-eV)
99+
44.10 (-eV)
39
Lattice Constant
558.50 pm
10
Not Available
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
Unknown
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
1.53 g/cm3
99+
7.26 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.46 g/cm3
99+
Not Available
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
Not Available
18.00 GPa
36
Bulk Modulus
2.50 GPa
99+
33.00 GPa
36
Young's Modulus
2.40 GPa
99+
46.00 GPa
38
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
0.28
17
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
1.53
99+
7.26
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
128.00 nΩ·m
26
0.75 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω
24
Not Available
Electron Affinity
46.90 kJ/mol
24
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.36 J/(kg K)
17
0.18 J/(kg K)
33
Molar Heat Capacity
31.06 J/mol·K
5
Not Available
Thermal Conductivity
58.20 W/m·K
26
17.90 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
2,093.00 K
4
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
90.00 µm/(m·K)
2
9.00 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
69.20 kJ/mol
99+
Not Available
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.19 kJ/mol
99+
7.50 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
82.00 kJ/mol
99+
310.00 kJ/mol
34
Standard Molar Entropy
76.80 J/mol.K
5
Not Available
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