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Rhodium vs Nickel

Rhodium
Nickel
Nickel vs Rhodium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Rh  
Ni  
Group Number
9  
9
10  
8
Period Number
5  
4  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440166  
99+
7440020  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
  • Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
  
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston  
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt  
Discovery
In 1804  
In 1751  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
27
0.01 %  
5
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
25
0.01 %  
3
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
36
1.30 %  
3
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.01 %  
15
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
13
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
17
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
  • It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
  
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3  
17
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.70 p.p.m.  
20
Physical
Melting Point
1,966.00 °C  
12
1,453.00 °C  
31
Boiling Point
3,727.00 °C  
17
2,732.00 °C  
40
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
4.00  
11
Brinell Hardness
980.00 MPa  
10
667.00 MPa  
20
Vickers Hardness
1,100.00 MPa  
15
638.00 MPa  
24
Speed of Sound
4,700.00 m/s  
19
4,900.00 m/s  
16
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.40  
7
1.68  
28
Reflectivity
84.00 %  
5
72.00 %  
11
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Rh  
Ni  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
16  
23
25  
14
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.28  
4
1.91  
11
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.28  
5
1.94  
12
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.45  
17
1.75  
4
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.28  
4
1.91  
12
Allen Electronegativity
1.56  
27
1.88  
9
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.72  
99+
2.09  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
29
737.10 kJ/mol  
25
2nd Energy Level
1,740.00 kJ/mol  
27
1,753.00 kJ/mol  
26
3rd Energy Level
2,997.00 kJ/mol  
27
3,395.00 kJ/mol  
17
4th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
11
5,300.00 kJ/mol  
24
5th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
26
7,339.00 kJ/mol  
23
6th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
40
10,400.00 kJ/mol  
15
7th Energy level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
35
12,800.00 kJ/mol  
10
8th Energy Level
3,480.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
9th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
10th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
33
21,670.00 kJ/mol  
14
11th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
30,970.00 kJ/mol  
7
12th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
34,000.00 kJ/mol  
29
13th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
27
37,100.00 kJ/mol  
7
14th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
21
41,500.00 kJ/mol  
8
15th Energy Level
71,900.00 kJ/mol  
23
44,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
71,900.00 kJ/mol  
18
48,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
39
55,101.00 kJ/mol  
11
18th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
29
58,570.00 kJ/mol  
12
19th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
36
148,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
20th Energy Level
719.00 kJ/mol  
30
159,000.00 kJ/mol  
3
21st Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
99+
169,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
22nd Energy Level
719.00 kJ/mol  
24
182,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
23rd Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
99+
194,000.00 kJ/mol  
2
24th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
23
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
25th Energy Level
719.00 kJ/mol  
23
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
26th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
23
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
27th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
22
737.10 kJ/mol  
20
28th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
28
737.10 kJ/mol  
26
29th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
29
737.10 kJ/mol  
27
30th Energy Level
719.00 kJ/mol  
23
737.00 kJ/mol  
21
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.28 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.98 eV  
10
5.15 eV  
6
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
45  
99+
28  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d8 5s1  
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Rhodium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
45  
99+
28  
99+
Number of Neutrons
58  
99+
31  
99+
Number of Electrons
45  
99+
28  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
124.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
142.00 pm  
99+
124.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
163.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
102.91 amu  
99+
58.69 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
6.59 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Ruthenium
  
Cobalt
  
Next Element
Palladium
  
Copper
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)  
22
42.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
380.34 pm  
30
352.40 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.73  
7
1.86  
4
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.41 g/cm3  
30
8.91 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.70 g/cm3  
35
7.81 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
951.00 MPa  
5
345.00 MPa  
13
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
8
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
33
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.02 (Pa)  
19
19.50 (Pa)  
6
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
150.00 GPa  
6
76.00 GPa  
12
Bulk Modulus
275.00 GPa  
5
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
380.00 GPa  
5
200.00 GPa  
12
Poisson Ratio
0.26  
22
0.31  
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.41  
32
8.90  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Ferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
2
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
600.00  
2
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
43.30 nΩ·m  
99+
69.30 nΩ·m  
39
Electrical Conductivity
0.21 106/cm Ω  
8
0.14 106/cm Ω  
14
Electron Affinity
109.70 kJ/mol  
8
112.00 kJ/mol  
7
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
22
0.44 J/(kg K)  
13
Molar Heat Capacity
24.98 J/mol·K  
99+
26.07 J/mol·K  
39
Thermal Conductivity
150.00 W/m·K  
9
90.90 W/m·K  
18
Critical Temperature
2,237.00 K  
13
1,728.00 K  
35
Thermal Expansion
8.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
13.40 µm/(m·K)  
34
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
495.40 kJ/mol  
16
371.80 kJ/mol  
29
Enthalpy of Fusion
21.76 kJ/mol  
10
17.57 kJ/mol  
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
556.50 kJ/mol  
16
422.60 kJ/mol  
22
Standard Molar Entropy
31.50 J/mol.K  
99+
29.90 J/mol.K  
99+
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