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Rhodium vs Palladium

Rhodium
Palladium
Palladium vs Rhodium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Rh  
Pd  
Group Number
9  
9
10  
8
Period Number
5  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440166  
99+
7440053  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
  • Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
  
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston  
William Hyde Wollaston  
Discovery
In 1804  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
25
0.00 %  
24
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
36
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
  • It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
  
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,966.00 °C  
12
1,554.90 °C  
22
Boiling Point
3,727.00 °C  
17
2,963.00 °C  
34
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
4.75  
9
Brinell Hardness
980.00 MPa  
10
320.00 MPa  
40
Vickers Hardness
1,100.00 MPa  
15
121.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
4,700.00 m/s  
19
3,070.00 m/s  
38
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.40  
7
1.72  
25
Reflectivity
84.00 %  
5
84.00 %  
5
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Rh  
Pd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
16  
23
38  
1
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.28  
4
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.28  
5
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.45  
17
1.35  
22
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.28  
4
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.56  
27
1.59  
25
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.72  
99+
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
29
520.23 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,740.00 kJ/mol  
27
7,298.22 kJ/mol  
2
3rd Energy Level
2,997.00 kJ/mol  
27
11,815.13 kJ/mol  
3
4th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
11
870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
26
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
13
6th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
40
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
33
7th Energy level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
35
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
8th Energy Level
3,480.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
9th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
24
10th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
33
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
28
11th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
12th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
27
5,310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
21
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
71,900.00 kJ/mol  
23
80,400.00 kJ/mol  
16
16th Energy Level
71,900.00 kJ/mol  
18
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
39
804.40 kJ/mol  
33
18th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
29
8,045.00 kJ/mol  
22
19th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
36
804.40 kJ/mol  
30
20th Energy Level
719.00 kJ/mol  
30
804.00 kJ/mol  
23
21st Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
719.00 kJ/mol  
24
804.00 kJ/mol  
18
23rd Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
23
804.40 kJ/mol  
14
25th Energy Level
719.00 kJ/mol  
23
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
26th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
23
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
27th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
22
804.40 kJ/mol  
11
28th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
28
804.40 kJ/mol  
17
29th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
29
804.40 kJ/mol  
16
30th Energy Level
719.00 kJ/mol  
23
804.00 kJ/mol  
12
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.28 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.99 g/amp-hr  
34
Electron Work Function
4.98 eV  
10
5.12 eV  
7
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
45  
99+
46  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d8 5s1  
[Kr] 4d10  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Rhodium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
45  
99+
46  
99+
Number of Neutrons
58  
99+
60  
99+
Number of Electrons
45  
99+
46  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
137.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
142.00 pm  
99+
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
163.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
102.91 amu  
99+
106.42 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
8.90 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Ruthenium
  
Rhodium
  
Next Element
Palladium
  
Silver
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)  
22
33.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
380.34 pm  
30
389.07 pm  
28
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.73  
7
1.56  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.41 g/cm3  
30
12.02 g/cm3  
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.70 g/cm3  
35
10.38 g/cm3  
38
Tensile Strength
951.00 MPa  
5
550.00 MPa  
8
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
14
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
29
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.02 (Pa)  
19
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
150.00 GPa  
6
44.00 GPa  
17
Bulk Modulus
275.00 GPa  
5
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
380.00 GPa  
5
121.00 GPa  
18
Poisson Ratio
0.26  
22
0.39  
5
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.41  
32
12.02  
33
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
18
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
27
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
43.30 nΩ·m  
99+
105.40 nΩ·m  
29
Electrical Conductivity
0.21 106/cm Ω  
8
0.10 106/cm Ω  
27
Electron Affinity
109.70 kJ/mol  
8
54.23 kJ/mol  
21
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
22
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
Molar Heat Capacity
24.98 J/mol·K  
99+
25.98 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
150.00 W/m·K  
9
71.80 W/m·K  
23
Critical Temperature
2,237.00 K  
13
1,825.00 K  
26
Thermal Expansion
8.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
11.80 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
495.40 kJ/mol  
16
376.60 kJ/mol  
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
21.76 kJ/mol  
10
16.74 kJ/mol  
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
556.50 kJ/mol  
16
393.30 kJ/mol  
29
Standard Molar Entropy
31.50 J/mol.K  
99+
37.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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