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Palladium vs Vanadium

Palladium
Vanadium
Vanadium vs Palladium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pd   
V   
Group Number
10   
8
5   
13
Period Number
5   
4   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440053   
99+
7440622   
27
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
  • Vanadium is a highly reactive metal, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Vanadium can be found in almost 65 different types of minerals.
  
Sources
Ores of metals   
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston   
Andrés Manuel del Río   
Discovery
In 1803   
In 1801   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
1 * 10-4 %   
10
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000003 %   
24
~0.00004 %   
13
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.01 %   
14
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.02 %   
12
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
14
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
16
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
  • Its ally with steel is used very tough and hence it is used in armor plates, axles, piston rods, tools and crankshafts.
  • Its oxide is used as pigments for glass and ceramics.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
NA   
Other Uses
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
36
In Bone
Not Available   
0.00 p.p.m.   
31
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,554.90 °C   
22
1,890.00 °C   
13
Boiling Point
2,963.00 °C   
33
3,380.00 °C   
20
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Blue-Silver Grey   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.75   
9
6.70   
4
Brinell Hardness
320.00 MPa   
33
600.00 MPa   
20
Vickers Hardness
121.00 MPa   
36
628.00 MPa   
17
Speed of Sound
3,070.00 m/s   
26
4,560.00 m/s   
17
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.72   
1
Not Available   
Reflectivity
84.00 %   
4
61.00 %   
14
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pd   
V   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
38   
1
22   
17
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20   
4
1.63   
20
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.39   
17
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.35   
21
1.45   
16
Allen Electronegativity
1.59   
22
1.53   
26
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80   
99+
2.37   
34
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
520.23 kJ/mol   
99+
650.90 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
7,298.22 kJ/mol   
2
1,414.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
11,815.13 kJ/mol   
3
2,830.00 kJ/mol   
35
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
4,507.00 kJ/mol   
25
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
6,298.70 kJ/mol   
23
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
12,363.00 kJ/mol   
5
7th Energy level
Not Available   
14,530.00 kJ/mol   
5
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
16,730.00 kJ/mol   
7
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
19,860.00 kJ/mol   
7
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
22,240.00 kJ/mol   
12
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
24,670.00 kJ/mol   
15
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
29,730.00 kJ/mol   
12
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
32,446.00 kJ/mol   
12
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
86,450.00 kJ/mol   
1
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
94,170.00 kJ/mol   
2
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
102,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
112,700.00 kJ/mol   
4
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
121,600.00 kJ/mol   
5
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
130,700.00 kJ/mol   
6
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
143,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
151,440.00 kJ/mol   
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.99 g/amp-hr   
30
0.38 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
5.12 eV   
3
4.30 eV   
18
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
46   
99+
23   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10   
[Ar] 3d3 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
46   
99+
23   
99+
Number of Neutrons
60   
99+
28   
99+
Number of Electrons
46   
99+
23   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
137.00 pm   
40
134.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm   
99+
153.00 pm   
33
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm   
40
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
106.42 amu   
99+
50.94 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
8.90 cm3/mol   
99+
8.78 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Rhodium
  
Titanium
  
Next Element
Silver
  
Chromium
  
Valence Electron Potential
33.00 (-eV)   
99+
120.00 (-eV)   
6
Lattice Constant
389.07 pm   
25
303.00 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.02 g/cm3   
29
6.00 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.38 g/cm3   
17
5.50 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
800.00 MPa   
6
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
27
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
30
0.23 (Pa)   
16
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa   
17
47.00 GPa   
16
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa   
9
160.00 GPa   
11
Young's Modulus
121.00 GPa   
16
128.00 GPa   
15
Poisson Ratio
0.39   
5
0.37   
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.02   
21
5.96   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Superconductor   
Resistivity
105.40 nΩ·m   
29
197.00 nΩ·m   
19
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω   
22
0.05 106/cm Ω   
35
Electron Affinity
54.23 kJ/mol   
17
50.60 kJ/mol   
20
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)   
23
0.49 J/(kg K)   
10
Molar Heat Capacity
25.98 J/mol·K   
33
24.89 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
71.80 W/m·K   
23
30.70 W/m·K   
39
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
11.80 µm/(m·K)   
33
8.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
376.60 kJ/mol   
19
458.60 kJ/mol   
14
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.74 kJ/mol   
18
17.57 kJ/mol   
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
393.30 kJ/mol   
22
514.60 kJ/mol   
13
Standard Molar Entropy
37.60 J/mol.K   
40
28.90 J/mol.K   
99+
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