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Vanadium vs Palladium

Vanadium
Palladium
Palladium vs Vanadium


Periodic Table
Symbol
V   
Pd   
Group Number
5   
13
10   
8
Period Number
4   
5   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440622   
27
7440053   
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
229.00   
1
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Vanadium is a highly reactive metal, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Vanadium can be found in almost 65 different types of minerals.
  
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Ores of metals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Andrés Manuel del Río   
William Hyde Wollaston   
Discovery
In 1801   
In 1803   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-4 %   
10
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.00004 %   
13
~0.0000003 %   
24
Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %   
14
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.02 %   
12
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
14
Not Available   
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
16
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its ally with steel is used very tough and hence it is used in armor plates, axles, piston rods, tools and crankshafts.
  • Its oxide is used as pigments for glass and ceramics.
  
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
36
Not Available   
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
31
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,890.00 °C   
13
1,554.90 °C   
22
Boiling Point
3,380.00 °C   
20
2,963.00 °C   
33
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Blue-Silver Grey   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.70   
4
4.75   
9
Brinell Hardness
600.00 MPa   
20
320.00 MPa   
33
Vickers Hardness
628.00 MPa   
17
121.00 MPa   
36
Speed of Sound
4,560.00 m/s   
17
3,070.00 m/s   
26
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
Not Available   
1.72   
1
Reflectivity
61.00 %   
14
84.00 %   
4
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
V   
Pd   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
22   
17
38   
1
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.63   
20
2.20   
4
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.39   
17
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.45   
16
1.35   
21
Allen Electronegativity
1.53   
26
1.59   
22
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.37   
34
1.80   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol   
99+
520.23 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,414.00 kJ/mol   
99+
7,298.22 kJ/mol   
2
3rd Energy Level
2,830.00 kJ/mol   
35
11,815.13 kJ/mol   
3
4th Energy Level
4,507.00 kJ/mol   
25
Not Available   
5th Energy Level
6,298.70 kJ/mol   
23
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
12,363.00 kJ/mol   
5
Not Available   
7th Energy level
14,530.00 kJ/mol   
5
Not Available   
8th Energy Level
16,730.00 kJ/mol   
7
Not Available   
9th Energy Level
19,860.00 kJ/mol   
7
Not Available   
10th Energy Level
22,240.00 kJ/mol   
12
Not Available   
11th Energy Level
24,670.00 kJ/mol   
15
Not Available   
12th Energy Level
29,730.00 kJ/mol   
12
Not Available   
13th Energy Level
32,446.00 kJ/mol   
12
Not Available   
14th Energy Level
86,450.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
15th Energy Level
94,170.00 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
16th Energy Level
102,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
Not Available   
17th Energy Level
112,700.00 kJ/mol   
4
Not Available   
18th Energy Level
121,600.00 kJ/mol   
5
Not Available   
19th Energy Level
130,700.00 kJ/mol   
6
Not Available   
20th Energy Level
143,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
Not Available   
21st Energy Level
151,440.00 kJ/mol   
8
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.38 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.99 g/amp-hr   
30
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV   
18
5.12 eV   
3
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
23   
99+
46   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d3 4s2   
[Kr] 4d10   
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
23   
99+
46   
99+
Number of Neutrons
28   
99+
60   
99+
Number of Electrons
23   
99+
46   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm   
99+
137.00 pm   
40
Covalent Radius
153.00 pm   
33
139.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
163.00 pm   
40
Atomic Weight
50.94 amu   
99+
106.42 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
8.78 cm3/mol   
99+
8.90 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Titanium
  
Rhodium
  
Next Element
Chromium
  
Silver
  
Valence Electron Potential
120.00 (-eV)   
6
33.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
303.00 pm   
99+
389.07 pm   
25
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.00 g/cm3   
99+
12.02 g/cm3   
29
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.50 g/cm3   
99+
10.38 g/cm3   
17
Tensile Strength
800.00 MPa   
6
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
27
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.23 (Pa)   
16
0.00 (Pa)   
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
47.00 GPa   
16
44.00 GPa   
17
Bulk Modulus
160.00 GPa   
11
180.00 GPa   
9
Young's Modulus
128.00 GPa   
15
121.00 GPa   
16
Poisson Ratio
0.37   
7
0.39   
5
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.96   
99+
12.02   
21
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
197.00 nΩ·m   
19
105.40 nΩ·m   
29
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω   
35
0.10 106/cm Ω   
22
Electron Affinity
50.60 kJ/mol   
20
54.23 kJ/mol   
17
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.49 J/(kg K)   
10
0.24 J/(kg K)   
23
Molar Heat Capacity
24.89 J/mol·K   
99+
25.98 J/mol·K   
33
Thermal Conductivity
30.70 W/m·K   
39
71.80 W/m·K   
23
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
8.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
11.80 µm/(m·K)   
33
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
458.60 kJ/mol   
14
376.60 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol   
14
16.74 kJ/mol   
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
514.60 kJ/mol   
13
393.30 kJ/mol   
22
Standard Molar Entropy
28.90 J/mol.K   
99+
37.60 J/mol.K   
40
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