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Vanadium Palladium Comparison

Vanadium
Palladium
Palladium Vanadium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
V  
Pd  
Group Number
5  
13
10  
8
Period Number
4  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440622  
27
7440053  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Vanadium is a highly reactive metal, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Vanadium can be found in almost 65 different types of minerals.
  
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Andrés Manuel del Río  
William Hyde Wollaston  
Discovery
In 1801  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
11
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
13
0.00 %  
24
Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %  
14
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.02 %  
12
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
14
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
19
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its ally with steel is used very tough and hence it is used in armor plates, axles, piston rods, tools and crankshafts.
  • Its oxide is used as pigments for glass and ceramics.
  
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
39
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
36
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,890.00 °C  
13
1,554.90 °C  
22
Boiling Point
3,380.00 °C  
21
2,963.00 °C  
34
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Blue-Silver Grey  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.70  
4
4.75  
9
Brinell Hardness
600.00 MPa  
24
320.00 MPa  
40
Vickers Hardness
628.00 MPa  
25
121.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
4,560.00 m/s  
22
3,070.00 m/s  
38
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.05  
13
1.72  
25
Reflectivity
61.00 %  
22
84.00 %  
5
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
V  
Pd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
22  
17
38  
1
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.63  
21
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.39  
21
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.45  
17
1.35  
22
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.63  
21
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.53  
29
1.59  
25
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.37  
34
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
520.23 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,414.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,298.22 kJ/mol  
2
3rd Energy Level
2,830.00 kJ/mol  
36
11,815.13 kJ/mol  
3
4th Energy Level
4,507.00 kJ/mol  
35
870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,298.70 kJ/mol  
38
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
13
6th Energy Level
12,363.00 kJ/mol  
6
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
33
7th Energy level
14,530.00 kJ/mol  
5
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
8th Energy Level
16,730.00 kJ/mol  
7
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
9th Energy Level
19,860.00 kJ/mol  
7
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
24
10th Energy Level
22,240.00 kJ/mol  
12
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
28
11th Energy Level
24,670.00 kJ/mol  
15
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
12th Energy Level
29,730.00 kJ/mol  
34
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
32,446.00 kJ/mol  
12
5,310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
86,450.00 kJ/mol  
1
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
94,170.00 kJ/mol  
3
80,400.00 kJ/mol  
16
16th Energy Level
102,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
112,700.00 kJ/mol  
4
804.40 kJ/mol  
33
18th Energy Level
121,600.00 kJ/mol  
5
8,045.00 kJ/mol  
22
19th Energy Level
130,700.00 kJ/mol  
6
804.40 kJ/mol  
30
20th Energy Level
143,400.00 kJ/mol  
8
804.00 kJ/mol  
23
21st Energy Level
151,440.00 kJ/mol  
8
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
650.00 kJ/mol  
32
804.00 kJ/mol  
18
23rd Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
34
804.40 kJ/mol  
14
25th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
36
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
26th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
35
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
27th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
36
804.40 kJ/mol  
11
28th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
17
29th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
16
30th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
38
804.00 kJ/mol  
12
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.38 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.99 g/amp-hr  
34
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV  
25
5.12 eV  
7
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
23  
99+
46  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d3 4s2  
[Kr] 4d10  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
23  
99+
46  
99+
Number of Neutrons
28  
99+
60  
99+
Number of Electrons
23  
99+
46  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
137.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
153.00 pm  
35
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
163.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
50.94 amu  
99+
106.42 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.78 cm3/mol  
99+
8.90 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Titanium
  
Rhodium
  
Next Element
Chromium
  
Silver
  
Valence Electron Potential
120.00 (-eV)  
6
33.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
303.00 pm  
99+
389.07 pm  
28
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.70  
9
1.56  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.00 g/cm3  
99+
12.02 g/cm3  
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.50 g/cm3  
99+
10.38 g/cm3  
38
Tensile Strength
800.00 MPa  
6
550.00 MPa  
8
Viscosity
0.00  
11
0.00  
14
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
29
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.23 (Pa)  
16
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
47.00 GPa  
16
44.00 GPa  
17
Bulk Modulus
160.00 GPa  
11
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
128.00 GPa  
17
121.00 GPa  
18
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.39  
5
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.96  
99+
12.02  
33
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
15
0.00 H/m  
18
Susceptibility
0.00  
8
0.00  
27
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
197.00 nΩ·m  
19
105.40 nΩ·m  
29
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω  
40
0.10 106/cm Ω  
27
Electron Affinity
50.60 kJ/mol  
25
54.23 kJ/mol  
21
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.49 J/(kg K)  
10
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
Molar Heat Capacity
24.89 J/mol·K  
99+
25.98 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
30.70 W/m·K  
40
71.80 W/m·K  
23
Critical Temperature
2,183.00 K  
15
1,825.00 K  
26
Thermal Expansion
8.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
11.80 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
458.60 kJ/mol  
19
376.60 kJ/mol  
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol  
14
16.74 kJ/mol  
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
514.60 kJ/mol  
17
393.30 kJ/mol  
29
Standard Molar Entropy
28.90 J/mol.K  
99+
37.60 J/mol.K  
99+
Summary >>
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