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Palladium vs Rhodium

Palladium
Rhodium
Rhodium vs Palladium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pd  
Rh  
Group Number
10  
8
9  
9
Period Number
5  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440053  
99+
7440166  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
  • Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
  • Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
  
Sources
Ores of metals  
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston  
William Hyde Wollaston  
Discovery
In 1803  
In 1804  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
36
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
  • Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
  • It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
-  
Other Uses
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,554.90 °C  
22
1,966.00 °C  
12
Boiling Point
2,963.00 °C  
34
3,727.00 °C  
17
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.75  
9
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
320.00 MPa  
40
980.00 MPa  
10
Vickers Hardness
121.00 MPa  
99+
1,100.00 MPa  
15
Speed of Sound
3,070.00 m/s  
38
4,700.00 m/s  
19
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.72  
25
2.40  
7
Reflectivity
84.00 %  
5
84.00 %  
5
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pd  
Rh  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
38  
1
16  
23
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
5
2.28  
4
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
2.28  
5
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.35  
22
1.45  
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.20  
6
2.28  
4
Allen Electronegativity
1.59  
25
1.56  
27
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
1.72  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
520.23 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
29
2nd Energy Level
7,298.22 kJ/mol  
2
1,740.00 kJ/mol  
27
3rd Energy Level
11,815.13 kJ/mol  
3
2,997.00 kJ/mol  
27
4th Energy Level
870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
11
5th Energy Level
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
13
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
26
6th Energy Level
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
33
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
40
7th Energy level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
35
8th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
3,480.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
24
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
28
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
33
11th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
12th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
27
14th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
21
15th Energy Level
80,400.00 kJ/mol  
16
71,900.00 kJ/mol  
23
16th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
71,900.00 kJ/mol  
18
17th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
33
719.70 kJ/mol  
39
18th Energy Level
8,045.00 kJ/mol  
22
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
29
19th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
30
719.70 kJ/mol  
36
20th Energy Level
804.00 kJ/mol  
23
719.00 kJ/mol  
30
21st Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
804.00 kJ/mol  
18
719.00 kJ/mol  
24
23rd Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
14
719.70 kJ/mol  
23
25th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
719.00 kJ/mol  
23
26th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
719.70 kJ/mol  
23
27th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
11
719.70 kJ/mol  
22
28th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
17
719.70 kJ/mol  
28
29th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
16
719.70 kJ/mol  
29
30th Energy Level
804.00 kJ/mol  
12
719.00 kJ/mol  
23
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.99 g/amp-hr  
34
1.28 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
5.12 eV  
7
4.98 eV  
10
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
46  
99+
45  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10  
[Kr] 4d8 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Rhodium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
46  
99+
45  
99+
Number of Neutrons
60  
99+
58  
99+
Number of Electrons
46  
99+
45  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
137.00 pm  
99+
134.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
142.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm  
99+
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
106.42 amu  
99+
102.91 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.90 cm3/mol  
99+
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Rhodium
  
Ruthenium
  
Next Element
Silver
  
Palladium
  
Valence Electron Potential
33.00 (-eV)  
99+
64.00 (-eV)  
22
Lattice Constant
389.07 pm  
28
380.34 pm  
30
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.56  
99+
1.73  
7
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.02 g/cm3  
31
12.41 g/cm3  
30
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.38 g/cm3  
38
10.70 g/cm3  
35
Tensile Strength
550.00 MPa  
8
951.00 MPa  
5
Viscosity
0.00  
14
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
29
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
0.02 (Pa)  
19
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa  
17
150.00 GPa  
6
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa  
9
275.00 GPa  
5
Young's Modulus
121.00 GPa  
18
380.00 GPa  
5
Poisson Ratio
0.39  
5
0.26  
22
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable  
Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.02  
33
12.41  
32
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
18
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
27
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
105.40 nΩ·m  
29
43.30 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω  
27
0.21 106/cm Ω  
8
Electron Affinity
54.23 kJ/mol  
21
109.70 kJ/mol  
8
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
0.24 J/(kg K)  
22
Molar Heat Capacity
25.98 J/mol·K  
99+
24.98 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
71.80 W/m·K  
23
150.00 W/m·K  
9
Critical Temperature
1,825.00 K  
26
2,237.00 K  
13
Thermal Expansion
11.80 µm/(m·K)  
99+
8.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
376.60 kJ/mol  
28
495.40 kJ/mol  
16
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.74 kJ/mol  
18
21.76 kJ/mol  
10
Enthalpy of Atomization
393.30 kJ/mol  
29
556.50 kJ/mol  
16
Standard Molar Entropy
37.60 J/mol.K  
99+
31.50 J/mol.K  
99+
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