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Ruthenium vs Copper

Ruthenium
Copper
Copper vs Ruthenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru  
Cu  
Group Number
8  
10
11  
7
Period Number
5  
4  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440188  
99+
7440508  
37
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
  • Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found in Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus  
-  
Discovery
In 1844  
In Middle East (9000 BCE)  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
13
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
12
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
26
0.01 %  
13
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.01 %  
17
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
38
0.00 %  
8
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
10
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • It is use for coinage and bullion.
  • Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
1.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
8
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
26.00 p.p.m.  
12
Physical
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C  
8
1,084.62 °C  
40
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C  
14
2,562.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Copper  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50  
5
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa  
3
235.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,160.00 MPa  
14
343.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s  
7
3,810.00 m/s  
26
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.60  
4
1.10  
99+
Reflectivity
6.00 %  
38
90.00 %  
4
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ru  
Cu  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
29  
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
5
1.90  
12
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
1.98  
11
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42  
19
1.75  
4
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.20  
6
1.49  
27
Allen Electronegativity
1.54  
28
1.85  
12
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
2.10  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
745.50 kJ/mol  
22
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
1,957.90 kJ/mol  
15
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
3,555.00 kJ/mol  
15
4th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
5,536.00 kJ/mol  
21
5th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
7,700.00 kJ/mol  
17
6th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9,900.00 kJ/mol  
16
7th Energy level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
13,400.00 kJ/mol  
7
8th Energy Level
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16,000.00 kJ/mol  
9
9th Energy Level
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19,200.00 kJ/mol  
9
10th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
22,400.00 kJ/mol  
11
11th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
25,600.00 kJ/mol  
13
12th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
35,600.00 kJ/mol  
27
13th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
38,700.00 kJ/mol  
6
14th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
42,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
15th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
46,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
50,200.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
53,700.00 kJ/mol  
12
18th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
61,100.00 kJ/mol  
10
19th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
64,702.00 kJ/mol  
11
20th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
163,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
21st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
174,100.00 kJ/mol  
2
22nd Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
184,900.00 kJ/mol  
1
23rd Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
198,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
24th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
25th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
26th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
27th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
745.50 kJ/mol  
18
28th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
745.50 kJ/mol  
24
29th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
745.50 kJ/mol  
25
30th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.19 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV  
14
4.65 eV  
16
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
44  
99+
29  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
[Ar] 3d10 4s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Copper.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44  
99+
29  
99+
Number of Neutrons
57  
99+
35  
99+
Number of Electrons
44  
99+
29  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
128.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm  
40
132.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
140.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu  
99+
63.55 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
7.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Nickel
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Zinc
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)  
22
34.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm  
99+
361.49 pm  
39
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
33
1.28  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3  
29
8.96 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3  
37
8.02 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
210.00 MPa  
19
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
1.53 (Pa)  
8
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
23
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa  
4
48.00 GPa  
15
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa  
7
140.00 GPa  
12
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa  
3
120.00 GPa  
19
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.34  
10
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45  
31
8.89  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
19
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
31
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
16.78 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
0.60 106/cm Ω  
2
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
222.80 kJ/mol  
1
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
0.38 J/(kg K)  
15
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
24.44 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K  
13
401.00 W/m·K  
2
Critical Temperature
2,607.00 K  
9
1,358.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
16.50 µm/(m·K)  
27
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
283.70 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
7.11 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
338.90 kJ/mol  
39
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
33.20 J/mol.K  
99+
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