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Ruthenium vs Copper

Ruthenium
Copper
Copper vs Ruthenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru   
Cu   
Group Number
8   
10
11   
7
Period Number
5   
4   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440188   
99+
7440508   
37
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
  • Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found in Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus   
Unknown   
Discovery
In 1844   
In Middle East (9000 BCE)   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %   
20
6 * 10-6 %   
12
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %   
22
~0.00007 %   
12
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
26
0.01 %   
13
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.01 %   
17
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
38
0.00 %   
8
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
9
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • It is use for coinage and bullion.
  • Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
1.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
8
In Bone
Not Available   
26.00 p.p.m.   
12
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C   
8
1,084.62 °C   
40
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C   
14
2,562.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Copper   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50   
5
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa   
3
235.00 MPa   
38
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
343.00 MPa   
28
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s   
4
3,810.00 m/s   
19
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
90.00 %   
3
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ru   
Cu   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26   
13
29   
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20   
4
1.90   
11
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.98   
9
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42   
18
1.75   
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.49   
14
Allen Electronegativity
1.54   
25
1.85   
9
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80   
99+
2.10   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol   
32
745.50 kJ/mol   
22
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol   
99+
1,957.90 kJ/mol   
15
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol   
37
3,555.00 kJ/mol   
15
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
5,536.00 kJ/mol   
12
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
7,700.00 kJ/mol   
11
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
9,900.00 kJ/mol   
10
7th Energy level
Not Available   
13,400.00 kJ/mol   
7
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
16,000.00 kJ/mol   
9
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
19,200.00 kJ/mol   
9
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
22,400.00 kJ/mol   
11
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
25,600.00 kJ/mol   
13
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
35,600.00 kJ/mol   
6
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
38,700.00 kJ/mol   
6
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
42,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
46,700.00 kJ/mol   
9
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
50,200.00 kJ/mol   
10
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
53,700.00 kJ/mol   
12
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
61,100.00 kJ/mol   
10
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
64,702.00 kJ/mol   
11
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
163,700.00 kJ/mol   
2
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
174,100.00 kJ/mol   
2
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
184,900.00 kJ/mol   
1
23rd Energy Level
Not Available   
198,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.19 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV   
9
4.65 eV   
11
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
44   
99+
29   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1   
[Ar] 3d10 4s1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Copper.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44   
99+
29   
99+
Number of Neutrons
57   
99+
35   
99+
Number of Electrons
44   
99+
29   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm   
99+
128.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm   
38
132.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
140.00 pm   
99+
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu   
99+
63.55 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol   
99+
7.10 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Nickel
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Zinc
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)   
22
34.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm   
99+
361.49 pm   
35
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58   
11
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3   
27
8.96 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3   
16
8.02 g/cm3   
27
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
1.53 (Pa)   
8
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
23
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa   
4
48.00 GPa   
15
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa   
7
140.00 GPa   
12
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa   
3
120.00 GPa   
17
Poisson Ratio
0.30   
14
0.34   
10
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45   
19
8.89   
34
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Permeability
Not Available   
1.256629 * 10-6 H/m   
5
Susceptibility
Not Available   
-9.63 * 10-6   
4
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m   
38
16.78 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω   
16
0.60 106/cm Ω   
2
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol   
10
222.80 kJ/mol   
1
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)   
24
0.38 J/(kg K)   
15
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K   
99+
24.44 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K   
13
401.00 W/m·K   
2
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
16.50 µm/(m·K)   
25
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol   
10
283.70 kJ/mol   
33
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol   
7
7.11 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol   
9
338.90 kJ/mol   
29
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K   
99+
33.20 J/mol.K   
99+
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