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Copper vs Ruthenium

Copper
Ruthenium
Ruthenium vs Copper


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cu   
Ru   
Group Number
11   
7
8   
10
Period Number
4   
5   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440508   
37
7440188   
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
  • Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
  
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals   
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Unknown   
Karl Ernst Claus   
Discovery
In Middle East (9000 BCE)   
In 1844   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-6 %   
12
4 * 10-7 %   
20
Abundance In Sun
~0.00007 %   
12
~0.0000005 %   
22
Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %   
13
0.00 %   
26
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %   
17
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
8
0.00 %   
38
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
9
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is use for coinage and bullion.
  • Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
  
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Medical Research   
Other Uses
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Low Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
1.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
8
Not Available   
In Bone
26.00 p.p.m.   
12
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,084.62 °C   
40
2,250.00 °C   
8
Boiling Point
2,562.00 °C   
99+
3,900.00 °C   
14
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Copper   
Silvery White   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00   
12
6.50   
5
Brinell Hardness
235.00 MPa   
38
2,160.00 MPa   
3
Vickers Hardness
343.00 MPa   
28
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s   
19
5,970.00 m/s   
4
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
90.00 %   
3
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cu   
Ru   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29   
10
26   
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.90   
11
2.20   
4
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98   
9
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.75   
3
1.42   
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.49   
14
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.85   
9
1.54   
25
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.10   
99+
1.80   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol   
22
710.20 kJ/mol   
32
2nd Energy Level
1,957.90 kJ/mol   
15
710.22 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,555.00 kJ/mol   
15
2,747.00 kJ/mol   
37
4th Energy Level
5,536.00 kJ/mol   
12
Not Available   
5th Energy Level
7,700.00 kJ/mol   
11
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
9,900.00 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   
7th Energy level
13,400.00 kJ/mol   
7
Not Available   
8th Energy Level
16,000.00 kJ/mol   
9
Not Available   
9th Energy Level
19,200.00 kJ/mol   
9
Not Available   
10th Energy Level
22,400.00 kJ/mol   
11
Not Available   
11th Energy Level
25,600.00 kJ/mol   
13
Not Available   
12th Energy Level
35,600.00 kJ/mol   
6
Not Available   
13th Energy Level
38,700.00 kJ/mol   
6
Not Available   
14th Energy Level
42,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
Not Available   
15th Energy Level
46,700.00 kJ/mol   
9
Not Available   
16th Energy Level
50,200.00 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   
17th Energy Level
53,700.00 kJ/mol   
12
Not Available   
18th Energy Level
61,100.00 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   
19th Energy Level
64,702.00 kJ/mol   
11
Not Available   
20th Energy Level
163,700.00 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
21st Energy Level
174,100.00 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
22nd Energy Level
184,900.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
23rd Energy Level
198,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.19 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.26 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.65 eV   
11
4.71 eV   
9
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
29   
99+
44   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s1   
[Kr] 4d7 5s1   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Copper.jpg#100   
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
29   
99+
44   
99+
Number of Neutrons
35   
99+
57   
99+
Number of Electrons
29   
99+
44   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm   
99+
134.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm   
99+
146.00 pm   
38
Van der Waals Radius
140.00 pm   
99+
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
63.55 amu   
99+
101.07 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
7.10 cm3/mol   
99+
8.30 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Nickel
  
Technetium
  
Next Element
Zinc
  
Rhodium
  
Valence Electron Potential
34.00 (-eV)   
99+
64.00 (-eV)   
22
Lattice Constant
361.49 pm   
35
270.59 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.58   
11
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.96 g/cm3   
99+
12.45 g/cm3   
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.02 g/cm3   
27
10.65 g/cm3   
16
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.53 (Pa)   
8
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
23
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
48.00 GPa   
15
173.00 GPa   
4
Bulk Modulus
140.00 GPa   
12
220.00 GPa   
7
Young's Modulus
120.00 GPa   
17
447.00 GPa   
3
Poisson Ratio
0.34   
10
0.30   
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.89   
34
12.45   
19
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Permeability
1.256629 * 10-6 H/m   
5
Not Available   
Susceptibility
-9.63 * 10-6   
4
Not Available   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
16.78 nΩ·m   
99+
71.00 nΩ·m   
38
Electrical Conductivity
0.60 106/cm Ω   
2
0.14 106/cm Ω   
16
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol   
1
101.30 kJ/mol   
10
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.38 J/(kg K)   
15
0.24 J/(kg K)   
24
Molar Heat Capacity
24.44 J/mol·K   
99+
24.06 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
401.00 W/m·K   
2
117.00 W/m·K   
13
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
16.50 µm/(m·K)   
25
6.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
283.70 kJ/mol   
33
567.80 kJ/mol   
10
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.11 kJ/mol   
99+
25.50 kJ/mol   
7
Enthalpy of Atomization
338.90 kJ/mol   
29
603.00 kJ/mol   
9
Standard Molar Entropy
33.20 J/mol.K   
99+
28.50 J/mol.K   
99+
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