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Copper vs Ruthenium

Copper
Ruthenium
Ruthenium vs Copper


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cu  
Ru  
Group Number
11  
7
8  
10
Period Number
4  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440508  
37
7440188  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
  • Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
  
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals  
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
Karl Ernst Claus  
Discovery
In Middle East (9000 BCE)  
In 1844  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
13
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
12
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %  
13
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
17
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
8
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
10
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is use for coinage and bullion.
  • Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
  
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
1.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
8
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
26.00 p.p.m.  
12
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,084.62 °C  
40
2,250.00 °C  
8
Boiling Point
2,562.00 °C  
99+
3,900.00 °C  
14
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Copper  
Silvery White  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
13
6.50  
5
Brinell Hardness
235.00 MPa  
99+
2,160.00 MPa  
3
Vickers Hardness
343.00 MPa  
99+
1,160.00 MPa  
14
Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s  
26
5,970.00 m/s  
7
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.10  
99+
2.60  
4
Reflectivity
90.00 %  
4
6.00 %  
38
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cu  
Ru  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.90  
12
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98  
11
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.75  
4
1.42  
19
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.49  
27
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.85  
12
1.54  
28
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.10  
99+
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
22
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
2nd Energy Level
1,957.90 kJ/mol  
15
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,555.00 kJ/mol  
15
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
4th Energy Level
5,536.00 kJ/mol  
21
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
5th Energy Level
7,700.00 kJ/mol  
17
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
6th Energy Level
9,900.00 kJ/mol  
16
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
13,400.00 kJ/mol  
7
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
8th Energy Level
16,000.00 kJ/mol  
9
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
19,200.00 kJ/mol  
9
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
22,400.00 kJ/mol  
11
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
11th Energy Level
25,600.00 kJ/mol  
13
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
12th Energy Level
35,600.00 kJ/mol  
27
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
38,700.00 kJ/mol  
6
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
14th Energy Level
42,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
46,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
16th Energy Level
50,200.00 kJ/mol  
99+
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
17th Energy Level
53,700.00 kJ/mol  
12
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
61,100.00 kJ/mol  
10
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
19th Energy Level
64,702.00 kJ/mol  
11
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
20th Energy Level
163,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
21st Energy Level
174,100.00 kJ/mol  
2
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
184,900.00 kJ/mol  
1
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
23rd Energy Level
198,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
25th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
26th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
27th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
18
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
28th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
24
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
29th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
25
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
30th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.19 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.65 eV  
16
4.71 eV  
14
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
29  
99+
44  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s1  
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Copper.jpg#100  
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
29  
99+
44  
99+
Number of Neutrons
35  
99+
57  
99+
Number of Electrons
29  
99+
44  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm  
99+
134.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm  
99+
146.00 pm  
40
Van der Waals Radius
140.00 pm  
99+
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
63.55 amu  
99+
101.07 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
7.10 cm3/mol  
99+
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Nickel
  
Technetium
  
Next Element
Zinc
  
Rhodium
  
Valence Electron Potential
34.00 (-eV)  
99+
64.00 (-eV)  
22
Lattice Constant
361.49 pm  
39
270.59 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.28  
99+
1.58  
33
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.96 g/cm3  
99+
12.45 g/cm3  
29
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.02 g/cm3  
99+
10.65 g/cm3  
37
Tensile Strength
210.00 MPa  
19
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.53 (Pa)  
8
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
23
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
48.00 GPa  
15
173.00 GPa  
4
Bulk Modulus
140.00 GPa  
12
220.00 GPa  
7
Young's Modulus
120.00 GPa  
19
447.00 GPa  
3
Poisson Ratio
0.34  
10
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.89  
99+
12.45  
31
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
19
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
31
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
16.78 nΩ·m  
99+
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
Electrical Conductivity
0.60 106/cm Ω  
2
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol  
1
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.38 J/(kg K)  
15
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
Molar Heat Capacity
24.44 J/mol·K  
99+
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
401.00 W/m·K  
2
117.00 W/m·K  
13
Critical Temperature
1,358.00 K  
99+
2,607.00 K  
9
Thermal Expansion
16.50 µm/(m·K)  
27
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
283.70 kJ/mol  
99+
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.11 kJ/mol  
99+
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
Enthalpy of Atomization
338.90 kJ/mol  
39
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
Standard Molar Entropy
33.20 J/mol.K  
99+
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
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