Sc Element

Scandium

Periodic Table

Symbol

Group Number

3 15

Period Number

4 4

Block

d block

Element Family

Transition Metal

CAS Number

7440202 59

Space Group Name

P63/mmc

Space Group Number

194.00 7

Facts

Interesting Facts

Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .

Sources

Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals

History

Who Discovered

Lars Fredrik Nilson

Discovery

In 1879

Abundance

Abundance In Universe

0.00 % 16

Abundance In Sun

0.00 % 16

Abundance In Meteorites

0.00 % 18

Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.00 % 23

Abundance In Oceans

0.00 % 32

Abundance In Humans

0.00 % 24

Uses

Uses & Benefits

Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.

Industrial Uses

Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

Medical Uses

Other Uses

Alloys

Biological Properties

Toxicity

Non Toxic

Present in Human Body

Yes

In Blood

0.01 Blood/mg dm-3 22

In Bone

0.00 p.p.m. 39

Physical

Melting Point

1,539.00 °C 24

Boiling Point

2,832.00 °C 36

Appearance

Physical State

Solid

Color

Silvery White

Luster

Lustrous

Hardness

Mohs Hardness

5.50 7

Brinell Hardness

750.00 MPa 13

Vickers Hardness

1,200.00 MPa 13

Speed of Sound

6,100.00 m/s 5

Optical Properties

Refractive Index

1.80 21

Reflectivity

93.00 % 3

Allotropes

α Allotropes

β Allotropes

γ Allotropes

Chemical

Chemical Formula

Isotopes

Known Isotopes

13 26

Electronegativity

Pauling Electronegativity

1.36 30

Sanderson Electronegativity

1.02 40

Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.20 28

Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

1.36 31

Allen Electronegativity

1.19 49

Electropositivity

Pauling Electropositivity

2.64 25

Ionization Energies

1st Energy Level

633.10 kJ/mol 46

2nd Energy Level

1,235.00 kJ/mol 58

3rd Energy Level

2,388.60 kJ/mol 53

4th Energy Level

7,090.60 kJ/mol 13

5th Energy Level

8,843.00 kJ/mol 7

6th Energy Level

10,679.00 kJ/mol 13

7th Energy level

13,310.00 kJ/mol 8

8th Energy Level

15,250.00 kJ/mol 11

9th Energy Level

17,370.00 kJ/mol 14

10th Energy Level

21,726.00 kJ/mol 13

11th Energy Level

24,102.00 kJ/mol 16

12th Energy Level

66,320.00 kJ/mol 7

13th Energy Level

73,010.00 kJ/mol 2

14th Energy Level

80,160.00 kJ/mol 3

15th Energy Level

89,490.00 kJ/mol 6

16th Energy Level

97,400.00 kJ/mol 5

17th Energy Level

105,600.00 kJ/mol 6

18th Energy Level

117,000.00 kJ/mol 7

19th Energy Level

124,270.00 kJ/mol 8

20th Energy Level

633.00 kJ/mol 41

21st Energy Level

633.10 kJ/mol 59

22nd Energy Level

633.00 kJ/mol 35

23rd Energy Level

633.10 kJ/mol 59

24th Energy Level

633.10 kJ/mol 37

25th Energy Level

633.00 kJ/mol 39

26th Energy Level

633.10 kJ/mol 38

27th Energy Level

633.10 kJ/mol 40

28th Energy Level

633.10 kJ/mol 45

29th Energy Level

633.10 kJ/mol 46

30th Energy Level

633.00 kJ/mol 41

Electrochemical Equivalent

0.56 g/amp-hr 71

Electron Work Function

3.50 eV 42

Other Chemical Properties

Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

Atomic

Atomic Number

21 85

Electron Configuration

[Ar] 3d¹ 4s²

Crystal Structure

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

Crystal Lattice

HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100

Atom

Number of Protons

21 84

Number of Neutrons

24 64

Number of Electrons

21 84

Radius of an Atom

Atomic Radius

162.00 pm 28

Covalent Radius

170.00 pm 27

Van der Waals Radius

211.00 pm 32

Atomic Weight

44.96 amu 79

Atomic Volume

15.00 cm3/mol 50

Adjacent Atomic Numbers

Previous Element

Next Element

Valence Electron Potential

58.00 (-eV) 25

Lattice Constant

330.90 pm 55

Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

Lattice C/A Ratio

1.59 24

Mechanical

Density

Density At Room Temperature

2.99 g/cm³ 78

Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

2.80 g/cm3 80

Tensile Strength

150.00 MPa 25

Viscosity

0.00 25

Vapor Pressure

Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

0.00 (Pa) 24

Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

91.30 (Pa) 3

Elasticity properties

Shear Modulus

29.10 GPa 28

Bulk Modulus

56.60 GPa 22

Young's Modulus

74.40 GPa 28

Poisson Ratio

0.28 18

Other Mechanical Properties

Magnetic

Magnetic Characteristics

Specific Gravity

2.99 77

Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

Permeability

0.00 H/m 8

Susceptibility

0.00 24

Electrical Properties

Electrical Property

Conductor

Resistivity

562.00 nΩ·m 10

Electrical Conductivity

0.02 10⁶/cm Ω 51

Electron Affinity

18.10 kJ/mol 39

Thermal

Specific Heat

0.60 J/(kg K) 8

Molar Heat Capacity

25.52 J/mol·K 46

Thermal Conductivity

15.80 W/m·K 54

Critical Temperature

1,814.00 K 28

Thermal Expansion

10.20 µm/(m·K) 52

Enthalpy

Enthalpy of Vaporization

314.20 kJ/mol 45

Enthalpy of Fusion

14.10 kJ/mol 29

Enthalpy of Atomization

343.00 kJ/mol 38

Standard Molar Entropy

34.60 J/mol.K 61

Summary >>

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