Scandium Bismuth Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Sc
Bi
Group Number
3
15
15
3
Period Number
4
6
Block
d block
p block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Post-Transition
CAS Number
7440202
99+
7440699
22
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
C12/m1
Space Group Number
194.00
5
12.00
12
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
- Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
- Bismuth metal is soluble and reacts with concentrated nitric acid.
- It oxides are used as a yellow pigment in paint. Bismuth chloride oxide BiClO gives a pearly texture to cosmetics.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Lars Fredrik Nilson
Claude François Geoffroy
Discovery
In 1879
In 1753
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-6 %
15
7 * 10-8 %
25
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %
16
~0.000006 %
14
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
18
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
23
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
32
0.00 %
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
- Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
- Tin and bismuth alloys have a very low melting point and hence it is used in fire detector and the fire extinguishers. It also used in electric solders and fuses.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Pharmaceutical Industry
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Low Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
22
0.02 Blood/mg dm-3
20
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
34
0.20 p.p.m.
22
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,539.00 °C
24
271.30 °C
99+
Boiling Point
2,832.00 °C
35
1,560.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silver
Luster
Lustrous
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
2.25
15
Brinell Hardness
750.00 MPa
12
70.00 MPa
99+
Speed of Sound
Not Available
1,790.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Sc
Bi
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
13
26
33
6
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.36
29
2.02
6
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.02
21
2.34
3
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20
27
1.67
6
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
2.15
4
Allen Electronegativity
1.19
36
2.01
4
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.64
25
1.98
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol
99+
703.00 kJ/mol
35
2nd Energy Level
1,235.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,610.00 kJ/mol
33
3rd Energy Level
2,388.60 kJ/mol
99+
2,466.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
7,090.60 kJ/mol
6
4,370.00 kJ/mol
28
5th Energy Level
8,843.00 kJ/mol
6
5,400.00 kJ/mol
30
6th Energy Level
10,679.00 kJ/mol
7
8,520.00 kJ/mol
19
7th Energy level
13,310.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
8th Energy Level
15,250.00 kJ/mol
11
Not Available
9th Energy Level
17,370.00 kJ/mol
14
Not Available
10th Energy Level
21,726.00 kJ/mol
13
Not Available
11th Energy Level
24,102.00 kJ/mol
16
Not Available
12th Energy Level
66,320.00 kJ/mol
2
Not Available
13th Energy Level
73,010.00 kJ/mol
2
Not Available
14th Energy Level
80,160.00 kJ/mol
3
Not Available
15th Energy Level
89,490.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
16th Energy Level
97,400.00 kJ/mol
5
Not Available
17th Energy Level
105,600.00 kJ/mol
6
Not Available
18th Energy Level
117,000.00 kJ/mol
7
Not Available
19th Energy Level
124,270.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.56 g/amp-hr
99+
2.60 g/amp-hr
19
Electron Work Function
3.50 eV
31
4.22 eV
22
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
21
99+
83
33
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d1 4s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Rhombohedral (RHO)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Bismuth.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
21
99+
83
33
Number of Neutrons
24
99+
126
18
Number of Electrons
21
99+
83
33
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
162.00 pm
26
156.00 pm
29
Covalent Radius
170.00 pm
25
148.00 pm
36
Van der Waals Radius
211.00 pm
25
207.00 pm
26
Atomic Weight
44.96 amu
99+
208.98 amu
29
Atomic Volume
15.00 cm3/mol
34
21.30 cm3/mol
14
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
58.00 (-eV)
24
41.90 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
330.90 pm
99+
667.40 pm
2
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
NA
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59
7
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
2.99 g/cm3
99+
9.78 g/cm3
39
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.80 g/cm3
99+
10.05 g/cm3
18
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
22
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
91.30 (Pa)
3
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
29.10 GPa
24
12.00 GPa
99+
Bulk Modulus
56.60 GPa
21
31.00 GPa
38
Young's Modulus
74.40 GPa
26
32.00 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.28
18
0.33
11
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
2.99
99+
9.79
30
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Permeability
Not Available
0.00 H/m
6
Susceptibility
Not Available
0.00
6
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Semiconductor
Resistivity
562.00 nΩ·m
10
1.29 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
18.10 kJ/mol
33
91.20 kJ/mol
11
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.60 J/(kg K)
8
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K
37
25.52 J/mol·K
37
Thermal Conductivity
15.80 W/m·K
99+
7.97 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
10.20 µm/(m·K)
39
13.40 µm/(m·K)
28
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
314.20 kJ/mol
28
151.00 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.10 kJ/mol
25
10.90 kJ/mol
33
Enthalpy of Atomization
343.00 kJ/mol
28
207.10 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
34.60 J/mol.K
99+
56.70 J/mol.K
24
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