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Scandium vs Calcium

Scandium
Calcium
Calcium vs Scandium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Sc   
Ca   
Group Number
3   
15
2   
16
Period Number
4   
4   
Block
d block   
s block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Alkaline Earth   
CAS Number
7440202   
99+
7440702   
21
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
  • Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
  • It is found in the compound state.
  • Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lars Fredrik Nilson   
Humphry Davy   
Discovery
In 1879   
In 1808   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-6 %   
15
7 * 10-3 %   
3
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %   
16
~0.007 %   
4
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
18
1.10 %   
4
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
23
5.00 %   
3
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
32
0.00 %   
5
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
1.40 %   
1
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
  • It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
  • Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
22
60.50 Blood/mg dm-3   
4
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
34
170,000.00 p.p.m.   
1
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,539.00 °C   
24
839.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
2,832.00 °C   
35
1,484.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Gray   
Luster
Lustrous   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
1.75   
17
Brinell Hardness
750.00 MPa   
12
170.00 MPa   
99+
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
3,810.00 m/s   
19
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Sc   
Ca   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
13   
26
19   
20
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.36   
29
1.00   
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.02   
21
0.95   
24
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20   
27
1.04   
34
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.08   
17
Allen Electronegativity
1.19   
36
1.03   
39
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.64   
25
3.00   
9
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol   
99+
589.80 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,235.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,145.40 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,388.60 kJ/mol   
99+
4,912.40 kJ/mol   
7
4th Energy Level
7,090.60 kJ/mol   
6
6,491.00 kJ/mol   
7
5th Energy Level
8,843.00 kJ/mol   
6
8,153.00 kJ/mol   
7
6th Energy Level
10,679.00 kJ/mol   
7
10,496.00 kJ/mol   
8
7th Energy level
13,310.00 kJ/mol   
8
12,270.00 kJ/mol   
12
8th Energy Level
15,250.00 kJ/mol   
11
14,206.00 kJ/mol   
15
9th Energy Level
17,370.00 kJ/mol   
14
18,191.00 kJ/mol   
12
10th Energy Level
21,726.00 kJ/mol   
13
20,385.00 kJ/mol   
16
11th Energy Level
24,102.00 kJ/mol   
16
57,110.00 kJ/mol   
3
12th Energy Level
66,320.00 kJ/mol   
2
63,410.00 kJ/mol   
3
13th Energy Level
73,010.00 kJ/mol   
2
70,110.00 kJ/mol   
3
14th Energy Level
80,160.00 kJ/mol   
3
78,890.00 kJ/mol   
4
15th Energy Level
89,490.00 kJ/mol   
4
86,310.00 kJ/mol   
5
16th Energy Level
97,400.00 kJ/mol   
5
94,000.00 kJ/mol   
6
17th Energy Level
105,600.00 kJ/mol   
6
104,900.00 kJ/mol   
7
18th Energy Level
117,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
111,711.00 kJ/mol   
8
19th Energy Level
124,270.00 kJ/mol   
8
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.56 g/amp-hr   
99+
0.75 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
3.50 eV   
31
2.87 eV   
38
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
21   
99+
20   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d1 4s2   
[Ar] 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Calcium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
21   
99+
20   
99+
Number of Neutrons
24   
99+
20   
99+
Number of Electrons
21   
99+
20   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
162.00 pm   
26
197.00 pm   
6
Covalent Radius
170.00 pm   
25
176.00 pm   
22
Van der Waals Radius
211.00 pm   
25
231.00 pm   
19
Atomic Weight
44.96 amu   
99+
40.08 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
15.00 cm3/mol   
34
29.90 cm3/mol   
7
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Calcium
  
Potassium
  
Next Element
Titanium
  
Scandium
  
Valence Electron Potential
58.00 (-eV)   
24
29.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
330.90 pm   
99+
558.84 pm   
9
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59   
7
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
2.99 g/cm3   
99+
1.55 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.80 g/cm3   
99+
1.38 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
22
25.50 (Pa)   
3
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
91.30 (Pa)   
3
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
29.10 GPa   
24
7.40 GPa   
99+
Bulk Modulus
56.60 GPa   
21
17.00 GPa   
99+
Young's Modulus
74.40 GPa   
26
20.00 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.28   
18
0.31   
13
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
2.99   
99+
4.58   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
562.00 nΩ·m   
10
33.60 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.30 106/cm Ω   
6
Electron Affinity
18.10 kJ/mol   
33
2.37 kJ/mol   
39
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.60 J/(kg K)   
8
0.63 J/(kg K)   
7
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K   
37
25.93 J/mol·K   
34
Thermal Conductivity
15.80 W/m·K   
99+
201.00 W/m·K   
5
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
10.20 µm/(m·K)   
39
22.30 µm/(m·K)   
19
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
314.20 kJ/mol   
28
150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.10 kJ/mol   
25
8.54 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
343.00 kJ/mol   
28
184.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
34.60 J/mol.K   
99+
41.60 J/mol.K   
36
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