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Calcium vs Scandium

Calcium
Scandium
Scandium vs Calcium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ca  
Sc  
Group Number
2  
16
3  
15
Period Number
4  
4  
Block
s block  
d block  
Element Family
Alkaline Earth  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440702  
21
7440202  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
  • It is found in the compound state.
  • Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
  
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Humphry Davy  
Lars Fredrik Nilson  
Discovery
In 1808  
In 1879  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.01 %  
4
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Sun
0.01 %  
4
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Meteorites
1.10 %  
4
0.00 %  
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
5.00 %  
3
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
5
0.00 %  
32
Abundance In Humans
1.40 %  
1
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
  • Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
  
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
60.50 Blood/mg dm-3  
4
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
22
In Bone
170,000.00 p.p.m.  
1
0.00 p.p.m.  
39
Physical
Melting Point
839.00 °C  
99+
1,539.00 °C  
24
Boiling Point
1,484.00 °C  
99+
2,832.00 °C  
36
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silvery White  
Luster
-  
Lustrous  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.75  
18
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
170.00 MPa  
99+
750.00 MPa  
13
Vickers Hardness
170.00 MPa  
99+
1,200.00 MPa  
13
Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s  
26
6,100.00 m/s  
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.54  
35
1.80  
21
Reflectivity
60.00 %  
23
93.00 %  
3
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ca  
Sc  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
19  
20
13  
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.00  
99+
1.36  
30
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.95  
99+
1.02  
40
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.04  
35
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.08  
99+
1.36  
31
Allen Electronegativity
1.03  
99+
1.19  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.00  
9
2.64  
25
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.80 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,145.40 kJ/mol  
99+
1,235.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
4,912.40 kJ/mol  
7
2,388.60 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
6,491.00 kJ/mol  
15
7,090.60 kJ/mol  
13
5th Energy Level
8,153.00 kJ/mol  
11
8,843.00 kJ/mol  
7
6th Energy Level
10,496.00 kJ/mol  
14
10,679.00 kJ/mol  
13
7th Energy level
12,270.00 kJ/mol  
12
13,310.00 kJ/mol  
8
8th Energy Level
14,206.00 kJ/mol  
15
15,250.00 kJ/mol  
11
9th Energy Level
18,191.00 kJ/mol  
12
17,370.00 kJ/mol  
14
10th Energy Level
20,385.00 kJ/mol  
16
21,726.00 kJ/mol  
13
11th Energy Level
57,110.00 kJ/mol  
3
24,102.00 kJ/mol  
16
12th Energy Level
63,410.00 kJ/mol  
9
66,320.00 kJ/mol  
7
13th Energy Level
70,110.00 kJ/mol  
3
73,010.00 kJ/mol  
2
14th Energy Level
78,890.00 kJ/mol  
4
80,160.00 kJ/mol  
3
15th Energy Level
86,310.00 kJ/mol  
11
89,490.00 kJ/mol  
6
16th Energy Level
94,000.00 kJ/mol  
6
97,400.00 kJ/mol  
5
17th Energy Level
104,900.00 kJ/mol  
7
105,600.00 kJ/mol  
6
18th Energy Level
111,711.00 kJ/mol  
8
117,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
19th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
124,270.00 kJ/mol  
8
20th Energy Level
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.00 kJ/mol  
35
23rd Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
37
25th Energy Level
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.00 kJ/mol  
39
26th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
38
27th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
40
28th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.75 g/amp-hr  
99+
0.56 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
2.87 eV  
99+
3.50 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility  
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
20  
99+
21  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 4s2  
[Ar] 3d1 4s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Calcium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
20  
99+
21  
99+
Number of Neutrons
20  
99+
24  
99+
Number of Electrons
20  
99+
21  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
197.00 pm  
8
162.00 pm  
28
Covalent Radius
176.00 pm  
24
170.00 pm  
27
Van der Waals Radius
231.00 pm  
23
211.00 pm  
32
Atomic Weight
40.08 amu  
99+
44.96 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
29.90 cm3/mol  
10
15.00 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Potassium
  
Calcium
  
Next Element
Scandium
  
Titanium
  
Valence Electron Potential
29.00 (-eV)  
99+
58.00 (-eV)  
25
Lattice Constant
558.84 pm  
10
330.90 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.55  
99+
1.59  
24
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.55 g/cm3  
99+
2.99 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.38 g/cm3  
99+
2.80 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
20.00 MPa  
99+
150.00 MPa  
25
Viscosity
0.00  
6
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
25.50 (Pa)  
3
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
91.30 (Pa)  
3
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
7.40 GPa  
99+
29.10 GPa  
28
Bulk Modulus
17.00 GPa  
99+
56.60 GPa  
22
Young's Modulus
20.00 GPa  
99+
74.40 GPa  
28
Poisson Ratio
0.31  
13
0.28  
18
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
4.58  
99+
2.99  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
9
0.00 H/m  
8
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
33.60 nΩ·m  
99+
562.00 nΩ·m  
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.30 106/cm Ω  
6
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
2.37 kJ/mol  
99+
18.10 kJ/mol  
39
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.63 J/(kg K)  
7
0.60 J/(kg K)  
8
Molar Heat Capacity
25.93 J/mol·K  
99+
25.52 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
201.00 W/m·K  
5
15.80 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,115.00 K  
99+
1,814.00 K  
28
Thermal Expansion
22.30 µm/(m·K)  
20
10.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
314.20 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
8.54 kJ/mol  
99+
14.10 kJ/mol  
29
Enthalpy of Atomization
184.00 kJ/mol  
99+
343.00 kJ/mol  
38
Standard Molar Entropy
41.60 J/mol.K  
99+
34.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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