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Scandium vs Gadolinium

Scandium
Gadolinium
Gadolinium vs Scandium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Sc   
Gd   
Group Number
3   
15
0   
18
Period Number
4   
6   
Block
d block   
f block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Lanthanide   
CAS Number
7440202   
99+
7440542   
33
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
  • Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lars Fredrik Nilson   
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac   
Discovery
In 1879   
In 1880   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-6 %   
15
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %   
16
~0.0000002 %   
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
18
0.00 %   
34
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
23
0.00 %   
30
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
32
0.00 %   
38
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
  • Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
  • Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
22
Not Available   
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
34
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,539.00 °C   
24
1,311.00 °C   
35
Boiling Point
2,832.00 °C   
35
3,233.00 °C   
25
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silvery White   
Luster
Lustrous   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Brinell Hardness
750.00 MPa   
12
Not Available   
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
510.00 MPa   
22
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
2,680.00 m/s   
34
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Sc   
Gd   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
13   
26
26   
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.36   
29
1.20   
39
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.02   
21
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20   
27
1.11   
29
Allen Electronegativity
1.19   
36
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.64   
25
2.80   
15
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol   
99+
593.40 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,235.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,170.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,388.60 kJ/mol   
99+
1,990.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
7,090.60 kJ/mol   
6
4,250.00 kJ/mol   
30
5th Energy Level
8,843.00 kJ/mol   
6
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
10,679.00 kJ/mol   
7
Not Available   
7th Energy level
13,310.00 kJ/mol   
8
Not Available   
8th Energy Level
15,250.00 kJ/mol   
11
Not Available   
9th Energy Level
17,370.00 kJ/mol   
14
Not Available   
10th Energy Level
21,726.00 kJ/mol   
13
Not Available   
11th Energy Level
24,102.00 kJ/mol   
16
Not Available   
12th Energy Level
66,320.00 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
13th Energy Level
73,010.00 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
14th Energy Level
80,160.00 kJ/mol   
3
Not Available   
15th Energy Level
89,490.00 kJ/mol   
4
Not Available   
16th Energy Level
97,400.00 kJ/mol   
5
Not Available   
17th Energy Level
105,600.00 kJ/mol   
6
Not Available   
18th Energy Level
117,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
Not Available   
19th Energy Level
124,270.00 kJ/mol   
8
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.56 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.96 g/amp-hr   
32
Electron Work Function
3.50 eV   
31
3.10 eV   
35
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
21   
99+
64   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d1 4s2   
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
21   
99+
64   
99+
Number of Neutrons
24   
99+
93   
37
Number of Electrons
21   
99+
64   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
162.00 pm   
26
180.00 pm   
14
Covalent Radius
170.00 pm   
25
196.00 pm   
14
Van der Waals Radius
211.00 pm   
25
237.00 pm   
15
Atomic Weight
44.96 amu   
99+
47.87 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
15.00 cm3/mol   
34
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Calcium
  
Europium
  
Next Element
Titanium
  
Terbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
58.00 (-eV)   
24
46.10 (-eV)   
34
Lattice Constant
330.90 pm   
99+
363.60 pm   
32
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59   
7
1.59   
9
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
2.99 g/cm3   
99+
7.90 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.80 g/cm3   
99+
7.40 g/cm3   
31
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
22
0.00 (Pa)   
30
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
91.30 (Pa)   
3
7.39 (Pa)   
9
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
29.10 GPa   
24
21.80 GPa   
33
Bulk Modulus
56.60 GPa   
21
37.90 GPa   
34
Young's Modulus
74.40 GPa   
26
54.80 GPa   
35
Poisson Ratio
0.28   
18
0.26   
23
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
2.99   
99+
7.90   
40
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Ferromagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
562.00 nΩ·m   
10
1.31 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
18.10 kJ/mol   
33
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.60 J/(kg K)   
8
0.23 J/(kg K)   
27
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K   
37
37.03 J/mol·K   
2
Thermal Conductivity
15.80 W/m·K   
99+
10.60 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
10.20 µm/(m·K)   
39
9.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
314.20 kJ/mol   
28
359.40 kJ/mol   
21
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.10 kJ/mol   
25
10.05 kJ/mol   
36
Enthalpy of Atomization
343.00 kJ/mol   
28
352.00 kJ/mol   
27
Standard Molar Entropy
34.60 J/mol.K   
99+
68.10 J/mol.K   
16
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