Home
Compare Metals


Calcium Scandium Comparison


Scandium Calcium comparison


Periodic Table

Symbol
Ca   
Sc   

Group Number
2   
16
3   
15

Period Number
4   
4   

Block
s block   
d block   

Element Family
Alkaline Earth   
Transition Metal   

CAS Number
7440702   
21
7440202   
99+

Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
P63/mmc   

Space Group Number
225.00   
2
194.00   
5

Facts

Interesting Facts
  • Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
  • It is found in the compound state.
  • Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
  
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  

Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   

History
  
  

Who Discovered
Humphry Davy   
Lars Fredrik Nilson   

Discovery
In 1808   
In 1879   

Abundance
  
  

Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-3 %   
3
3 * 10-6 %   
15

Abundance In Sun
~0.007 %   
4
~0.000004 %   
16

Abundance In Meteorites
1.10 %   
4
0.00 %   
18

Abundance In Earth's Crust
5.00 %   
3
0.00 %   
23

Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
5
0.00 %   
32

Abundance In Humans
1.40 %   
1
Not Available   

Uses

Uses & Benefits
  • It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
  • Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
  
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  

Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   

Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry   
NA   

Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   

Biological Properties
  
  

Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Non Toxic   

Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   

In Blood
60.50 Blood/mg dm-3   
4
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
22

In Bone
170,000.00 p.p.m.   
1
0.00 p.p.m.   
34

Physical Properties

Melting Point
839.00 °C   
99+
1,539.00 °C   
24

Boiling Point
1,484.00 °C   
99+
2,832.00 °C   
35

Appearance
  
  

Physical State
Solid   
Solid   

Color
Gray   
Silvery White   

Luster
NA   
Lustrous   

Hardness
  
  

Mohs Hardness
1.75   
17
Not Available   

Brinell Hardness
170.00 MPa   
99+
750.00 MPa   
12

Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s   
19
Not Available   

Optical Properties
  
  

Allotropes
No   
No   

α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

Chemical Properties

Chemical Formula
Ca   
Sc   

Isotopes
  
  

Known Isotopes
19   
20
13   
26

Electronegativity
  
  

Pauling Electronegativity
1.00   
99+
1.36   
29

Sanderson Electronegativity
0.95   
24
1.02   
21

Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.04   
34
1.20   
27

Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.08   
17
Not Available   

Allen Electronegativity
1.03   
39
1.19   
36

Electropositivity
  
  

Pauling Electropositivity
3.00   
9
2.64   
25

Ionization Energies
  
  

1st Energy Level
589.80 kJ/mol   
99+
633.10 kJ/mol   
99+

2nd Energy Level
1,145.40 kJ/mol   
99+
1,235.00 kJ/mol   
99+

3rd Energy Level
4,912.40 kJ/mol   
7
2,388.60 kJ/mol   
99+

4th Energy Level
6,491.00 kJ/mol   
7
7,090.60 kJ/mol   
6

5th Energy Level
8,153.00 kJ/mol   
7
8,843.00 kJ/mol   
6

6th Energy Level
10,496.00 kJ/mol   
8
10,679.00 kJ/mol   
7

7th Energy level
12,270.00 kJ/mol   
12
13,310.00 kJ/mol   
8

8th Energy Level
14,206.00 kJ/mol   
15
15,250.00 kJ/mol   
11

9th Energy Level
18,191.00 kJ/mol   
12
17,370.00 kJ/mol   
14

10th Energy Level
20,385.00 kJ/mol   
16
21,726.00 kJ/mol   
13

11th Energy Level
57,110.00 kJ/mol   
3
24,102.00 kJ/mol   
16

12th Energy Level
63,410.00 kJ/mol   
3
66,320.00 kJ/mol   
2

13th Energy Level
70,110.00 kJ/mol   
3
73,010.00 kJ/mol   
2

14th Energy Level
78,890.00 kJ/mol   
4
80,160.00 kJ/mol   
3

15th Energy Level
86,310.00 kJ/mol   
5
89,490.00 kJ/mol   
4

16th Energy Level
94,000.00 kJ/mol   
6
97,400.00 kJ/mol   
5

17th Energy Level
104,900.00 kJ/mol   
7
105,600.00 kJ/mol   
6

18th Energy Level
111,711.00 kJ/mol   
8
117,000.00 kJ/mol   
7

19th Energy Level
Not Available   
124,270.00 kJ/mol   
8

Electrochemical Equivalent
0.75 g/amp-hr   
99+
0.56 g/amp-hr   
99+

Electron Work Function
2.87 eV   
38
3.50 eV   
31

Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility   
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   

Atomic Properties

Atomic Number
20   
99+
21   
99+

Electron Configuration
[Ar] 4s2   
[Ar] 3d1 4s2   

Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   

Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Calcium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100   

Atom
  
  

Number of Protons
20   
99+
21   
99+

Number of Neutrons
20   
99+
24   
99+

Number of Electrons
20   
99+
21   
99+

Radius of an Atom
  
  

Atomic Radius
197.00 pm   
6
162.00 pm   
26

Covalent Radius
176.00 pm   
22
170.00 pm   
25

Van der Waals Radius
231.00 pm   
19
211.00 pm   
25

Atomic Weight
40.08 amu   
99+
44.96 amu   
99+

Atomic Volume
29.90 cm3/mol   
7
15.00 cm3/mol   
34

Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  

Previous Element
Potassium
  
Calcium
  

Next Element
Scandium
  
Titanium
  

Valence Electron Potential
29.00 (-eV)   
99+
58.00 (-eV)   
24

Lattice Constant
558.84 pm   
9
330.90 pm   
99+

Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   

Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.59   
7

Mechanical Properties

Density
  
  

Density At Room Temperature
1.55 g/cm3   
99+
2.99 g/cm3   
99+

Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.38 g/cm3   
99+
2.80 g/cm3   
99+

Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   

Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   

Vapor Pressure
  
  

Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
25.50 (Pa)   
3
0.00 (Pa)   
22

Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
91.30 (Pa)   
3

Elasticity properties
  
  

Shear Modulus
7.40 GPa   
99+
29.10 GPa   
24

Bulk Modulus
17.00 GPa   
99+
56.60 GPa   
21

Young's Modulus
20.00 GPa   
99+
74.40 GPa   
26

Poisson Ratio
0.31   
13
0.28   
18

Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
NA   

Magnetic Properties

Magnetic Characteristics
  
  

Specific Gravity
4.58   
99+
2.99   
99+

Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   

Electrical Properties
  
  

Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   

Resistivity
33.60 nΩ·m   
99+
562.00 nΩ·m   
10

Electrical Conductivity
0.30 106/cm Ω   
6
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+

Electron Affinity
2.37 kJ/mol   
39
18.10 kJ/mol   
33

Thermal Properties

Specific Heat
0.63 J/(kg K)   
7
0.60 J/(kg K)   
8

Molar Heat Capacity
25.93 J/mol·K   
34
25.52 J/mol·K   
37

Thermal Conductivity
201.00 W/m·K   
5
15.80 W/m·K   
99+

Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   

Thermal Expansion
22.30 µm/(m·K)   
19
10.20 µm/(m·K)   
39

Enthalpy
  
  

Enthalpy of Vaporization
150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
314.20 kJ/mol   
28

Enthalpy of Fusion
8.54 kJ/mol   
99+
14.10 kJ/mol   
25

Enthalpy of Atomization
184.00 kJ/mol   
99+
343.00 kJ/mol   
28

Standard Molar Entropy
41.60 J/mol.K   
36
34.60 J/mol.K   
99+

Summary >>
<< Thermal

Compare All Metals

All Metals

All Metals


Compare All Metals