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Scandium vs Cobalt

Scandium
Cobalt
Cobalt vs Scandium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Sc  
Co  
Group Number
3  
15
9  
9
Period Number
4  
4  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440202  
99+
7440484  
38
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
  • The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
  • Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
  • It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lars Fredrik Nilson  
Georg Brandt  
Discovery
In 1879  
In 1732  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
10
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
18
0.06 %  
10
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
32
0.00 %  
20
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
20
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
  • Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
  • Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
22
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3  
18
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
39
0.04 p.p.m.  
32
Physical
Melting Point
1,539.00 °C  
24
1,495.00 °C  
29
Boiling Point
2,832.00 °C  
36
2,870.00 °C  
35
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Gray  
Luster
Lustrous  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
5.00  
8
Brinell Hardness
750.00 MPa  
13
470.00 MPa  
31
Vickers Hardness
1,200.00 MPa  
13
1,043.00 MPa  
18
Speed of Sound
6,100.00 m/s  
5
4,720.00 m/s  
18
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.80  
21
2.50  
5
Reflectivity
93.00 %  
3
67.00 %  
16
Allotropes
No  
Yes  
α Allotropes
-  
α-Cobalt  
β Allotropes
-  
β-Cobalt  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Sc  
Co  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
13  
26
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.36  
30
1.88  
13
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.02  
40
2.56  
1
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.70  
6
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.36  
31
1.88  
14
Allen Electronegativity
1.19  
99+
1.84  
13
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.64  
25
2.12  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
760.40 kJ/mol  
19
2nd Energy Level
1,235.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,648.00 kJ/mol  
32
3rd Energy Level
2,388.60 kJ/mol  
99+
3,232.00 kJ/mol  
22
4th Energy Level
7,090.60 kJ/mol  
13
4,950.00 kJ/mol  
29
5th Energy Level
8,843.00 kJ/mol  
7
7,670.00 kJ/mol  
18
6th Energy Level
10,679.00 kJ/mol  
13
9,840.00 kJ/mol  
18
7th Energy level
13,310.00 kJ/mol  
8
12,440.00 kJ/mol  
11
8th Energy Level
15,250.00 kJ/mol  
11
15,230.00 kJ/mol  
12
9th Energy Level
17,370.00 kJ/mol  
14
17,959.00 kJ/mol  
13
10th Energy Level
21,726.00 kJ/mol  
13
26,570.00 kJ/mol  
7
11th Energy Level
24,102.00 kJ/mol  
16
29,400.00 kJ/mol  
8
12th Energy Level
66,320.00 kJ/mol  
7
32,400.00 kJ/mol  
30
13th Energy Level
73,010.00 kJ/mol  
2
36,600.00 kJ/mol  
8
14th Energy Level
80,160.00 kJ/mol  
3
39,700.00 kJ/mol  
9
15th Energy Level
89,490.00 kJ/mol  
6
42,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
97,400.00 kJ/mol  
5
49,396.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
105,600.00 kJ/mol  
6
52,737.00 kJ/mol  
13
18th Energy Level
117,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
134,810.00 kJ/mol  
1
19th Energy Level
124,270.00 kJ/mol  
8
145,170.00 kJ/mol  
2
20th Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
154,700.00 kJ/mol  
4
21st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
167,400.00 kJ/mol  
4
22nd Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
35
178,100.00 kJ/mol  
3
23rd Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
189,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
24th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
37
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
25th Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
39
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
26th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
38
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
27th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
40
760.40 kJ/mol  
16
28th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
760.40 kJ/mol  
22
29th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
760.40 kJ/mol  
23
30th Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.56 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
3.50 eV  
99+
5.00 eV  
9
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Ionization  
Atomic
Atomic Number
21  
99+
22  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d1 4s2  
[Ar] 3d2 4s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
21  
99+
22  
99+
Number of Neutrons
24  
99+
26  
99+
Number of Electrons
21  
99+
22  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
162.00 pm  
28
147.00 pm  
36
Covalent Radius
170.00 pm  
27
160.00 pm  
32
Van der Waals Radius
211.00 pm  
32
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
44.96 amu  
99+
47.87 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
15.00 cm3/mol  
99+
10.64 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Calcium
  
Iron
  
Next Element
Titanium
  
Nickel
  
Valence Electron Potential
58.00 (-eV)  
25
95.20 (-eV)  
10
Lattice Constant
330.90 pm  
99+
295.08 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
24
1.26  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
2.99 g/cm3  
99+
4.51 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.80 g/cm3  
99+
4.11 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
150.00 MPa  
25
434.00 MPa  
10
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
91.30 (Pa)  
3
0.98 (Pa)  
14
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
29.10 GPa  
28
44.00 GPa  
17
Bulk Modulus
56.60 GPa  
22
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
74.40 GPa  
28
116.00 GPa  
20
Poisson Ratio
0.28  
18
0.32  
12
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
2.99  
99+
4,500.00  
1
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
8
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
3
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Poor Conductor  
Resistivity
562.00 nΩ·m  
10
420.00 nΩ·m  
12
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
18.10 kJ/mol  
39
7.60 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.60 J/(kg K)  
8
0.52 J/(kg K)  
9
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K  
99+
25.06 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
15.80 W/m·K  
99+
21.90 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,814.00 K  
28
1,768.00 K  
32
Thermal Expansion
10.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
8.60 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
314.20 kJ/mol  
99+
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.10 kJ/mol  
29
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
343.00 kJ/mol  
38
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
Standard Molar Entropy
34.60 J/mol.K  
99+
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
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