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Cobalt vs Scandium

Cobalt
Scandium
Scandium vs Cobalt


Periodic Table
Symbol
Co  
Sc  
Group Number
9  
9
3  
15
Period Number
4  
4  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440484  
38
7440202  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
  • Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
  • It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
  
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
Sources
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Georg Brandt  
Lars Fredrik Nilson  
Discovery
In 1732  
In 1879  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
10
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
9
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.06 %  
10
0.00 %  
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
20
0.00 %  
32
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
20
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
  • Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
  
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3  
18
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
22
In Bone
0.04 p.p.m.  
32
0.00 p.p.m.  
39
Physical
Melting Point
1,495.00 °C  
29
1,539.00 °C  
24
Boiling Point
2,870.00 °C  
35
2,832.00 °C  
36
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Lustrous  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.00  
8
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
470.00 MPa  
31
750.00 MPa  
13
Vickers Hardness
1,043.00 MPa  
18
1,200.00 MPa  
13
Speed of Sound
4,720.00 m/s  
18
6,100.00 m/s  
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.50  
5
1.80  
21
Reflectivity
67.00 %  
16
93.00 %  
3
Allotropes
Yes  
No  
α Allotropes
α-Cobalt  
-  
β Allotropes
β-Cobalt  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Co  
Sc  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
13  
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.88  
13
1.36  
30
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.56  
1
1.02  
40
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.70  
6
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.88  
14
1.36  
31
Allen Electronegativity
1.84  
13
1.19  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.12  
99+
2.64  
25
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
19
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,648.00 kJ/mol  
32
1,235.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,232.00 kJ/mol  
22
2,388.60 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,950.00 kJ/mol  
29
7,090.60 kJ/mol  
13
5th Energy Level
7,670.00 kJ/mol  
18
8,843.00 kJ/mol  
7
6th Energy Level
9,840.00 kJ/mol  
18
10,679.00 kJ/mol  
13
7th Energy level
12,440.00 kJ/mol  
11
13,310.00 kJ/mol  
8
8th Energy Level
15,230.00 kJ/mol  
12
15,250.00 kJ/mol  
11
9th Energy Level
17,959.00 kJ/mol  
13
17,370.00 kJ/mol  
14
10th Energy Level
26,570.00 kJ/mol  
7
21,726.00 kJ/mol  
13
11th Energy Level
29,400.00 kJ/mol  
8
24,102.00 kJ/mol  
16
12th Energy Level
32,400.00 kJ/mol  
30
66,320.00 kJ/mol  
7
13th Energy Level
36,600.00 kJ/mol  
8
73,010.00 kJ/mol  
2
14th Energy Level
39,700.00 kJ/mol  
9
80,160.00 kJ/mol  
3
15th Energy Level
42,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
89,490.00 kJ/mol  
6
16th Energy Level
49,396.00 kJ/mol  
99+
97,400.00 kJ/mol  
5
17th Energy Level
52,737.00 kJ/mol  
13
105,600.00 kJ/mol  
6
18th Energy Level
134,810.00 kJ/mol  
1
117,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
19th Energy Level
145,170.00 kJ/mol  
2
124,270.00 kJ/mol  
8
20th Energy Level
154,700.00 kJ/mol  
4
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
167,400.00 kJ/mol  
4
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
178,100.00 kJ/mol  
3
633.00 kJ/mol  
35
23rd Energy Level
189,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
633.10 kJ/mol  
37
25th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
633.00 kJ/mol  
39
26th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
633.10 kJ/mol  
38
27th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
16
633.10 kJ/mol  
40
28th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
22
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
23
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
0.56 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
5.00 eV  
9
3.50 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization  
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
22  
99+
21  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d2 4s2  
[Ar] 3d1 4s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
22  
99+
21  
99+
Number of Neutrons
26  
99+
24  
99+
Number of Electrons
22  
99+
21  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
147.00 pm  
36
162.00 pm  
28
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm  
32
170.00 pm  
27
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
211.00 pm  
32
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu  
99+
44.96 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
10.64 cm3/mol  
99+
15.00 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Iron
  
Calcium
  
Next Element
Nickel
  
Titanium
  
Valence Electron Potential
95.20 (-eV)  
10
58.00 (-eV)  
25
Lattice Constant
295.08 pm  
99+
330.90 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.26  
99+
1.59  
24
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
4.51 g/cm3  
99+
2.99 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.11 g/cm3  
99+
2.80 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
434.00 MPa  
10
150.00 MPa  
25
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.98 (Pa)  
14
91.30 (Pa)  
3
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa  
17
29.10 GPa  
28
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa  
15
56.60 GPa  
22
Young's Modulus
116.00 GPa  
20
74.40 GPa  
28
Poisson Ratio
0.32  
12
0.28  
18
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
4,500.00  
1
2.99  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
8
Susceptibility
0.00  
3
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
420.00 nΩ·m  
12
562.00 nΩ·m  
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
7.60 kJ/mol  
99+
18.10 kJ/mol  
39
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.52 J/(kg K)  
9
0.60 J/(kg K)  
8
Molar Heat Capacity
25.06 J/mol·K  
99+
25.52 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
21.90 W/m·K  
99+
15.80 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,768.00 K  
32
1,814.00 K  
28
Thermal Expansion
8.60 µm/(m·K)  
99+
10.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
314.20 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
14.10 kJ/mol  
29
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
343.00 kJ/mol  
38
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
34.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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